In the southeast corner of Beijing, next to Ciyun Temple and the Gongyuan of the Ministry of Rites, there is an institution called the "Armor Factory".
There are many craftsmen there who mainly produce chain mail and iron armor. The four-hole wire drawing machine hidden in the factory can produce iron wire in batches!
Wang Yangming used to work in the Ministry of Industry. Through Uncle Wang's relationship, Wang Yuan used his own money to customize several steel wires, and then wound them around iron rods to make springs.
"What is this?" Gu Yingxiang asked.
Wang Yuan smiled and said: "Dynamometer."
Gu Yingxiang hung a weight and pulled it up with a dynamometer: "Why is there no scale?"
Wang Yuan said: "It needs to be calculated slowly."
Immediately, the two men took a small scale and weighed out thirty bags of fine sand each weighing one to three kilograms. Then they hung up the dynamometers respectively and marked thirty scales. The Ming Dynasty version of the dynamometer was thus made.
Finish.
Gu Yingxiang used a weight as an experimental object, used a dynamometer to perform repeated calculations, and concluded: "If two forces acting on the same weight are equal in magnitude, opposite in direction, and on the same straight line, the two forces will
They cancel each other out and keep the weight stationary. It can be speculated that if multiple forces acting on the same weight remain balanced, the weight will also remain stationary."
Wang Yuan asked with a smile: "What if we do the experiment on a speeding carriage?"
Gu Yingxiang thought carefully and said: "Even if the weight is balanced by force, it is stationary relative to the carriage, but it is moving relative to the ground."
Wang Yuan inspired: "Then can we assume that all objects have a certain characteristic, tentatively named 'inertia'. When no external force is acted upon, or when the external force maintains balance, the object must remain stationary or in its original state of motion.
?”
"It seems like this," Gu Yingxiang said and shook his head sharply. "According to your assumption, if I push this weight forward, then the force on the top and bottom of it will be balanced, and the front and rear will only be the push force exerted by me. Then, the weight will be
It should keep moving forward, so why does it stop?”
Wang Yuan pressed Gu Yingxiang's hand on the table and pushed it forward: "Where objects meet each other, frictional resistance will inevitably occur. The rougher the contact surface and the wider the contact surface, the greater the resistance!"
Gu Yingxiang's eyes lit up: "In other words, if the tabletop is smooth enough and long enough, I can push the weight to Ruoxu's hometown of Guizhou with just a push?"
"That should be it," Wang Yuan said with a smile, "but we still have to consider air resistance."
"Air?" Gu Yingxiang didn't quite understand this concept.
Wang Yuan elaborated: "Air is everywhere, and strong wind means air is flowing. The wind is strong enough to even uproot trees. Obviously, air also has resistance!"
Gu Yingxiang asked: "How do you prove the existence of air?"
Wang Yuan brought a bucket of water and a thin-mouthed translucent glass bottle and asked, "Is there anything in the bottle?"
Gu Yingxiang shook his head and said, "No."
Wang Yuan smiled and said: "Let's see!"
Wang Yuan turned the narrow-necked glass bottle upside down and quickly pressed it vertically into the water. The water in the bucket immediately poured into the mouth of the bottle. But when Wang Yuan pushed the entire glass bottle into the water, the water level in the bottle was lower than the water level in the bucket. It seemed like there was something wrong.
Something is preventing fresh water from pouring in.
"Is there anything?" Wang Yuan asked again.
Gu Yingxiang was a little confused: "Is it air inside?"
Wang Yuan smiled and said: "Maybe, that's what I guessed. You can take a look."
Wang Yuan picked up a piece of straw paper and threw it out. It only threw a foot away before it fell quickly. He picked up the straw paper again, crumpled it into a paper ball and threw it out the door.
Gu Yingxiang suddenly realized: "This is the resistance of the air! When the papyrus is unfolded, the contact surface with the air is larger, and the air resistance it receives is greater."
Wang Yuan nodded and said: "Heroes see the same thing."
Gu Yingxiang played with the dynamometer, pointed at the scale and asked: "How should we express force? Or should we use kilograms?"
"Pin is weight. I think although force is related to weight, it is definitely not the same thing as weight." Wang Yuan could not directly tell the gravity coefficient. Without experimental data, he could not really convince Gu Yingxiang.
It was already very late, and Gu Yingxiang went home full of doubts. He didn't even bother to hand in the public food. He lay on the bed and turned over and over thinking about mechanics.
Wang Yuan made two pendulum devices to conduct gravity acceleration measurement experiments, thereby deriving the earth's gravity coefficient.
Everything was ready, but Wang Yuan realized that he didn't have a stopwatch... What a cheat!
In fact, even if Wang Yuan had a stopwatch, he would probably not be able to get the textbook data of 9.8 due to the poor experimental accuracy.
Then don't give any data, just give definitions and laws for the time being, and simply describe them. Newton's "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy" often only gives definitions and laws, and even the experimental process is simply omitted, just
It is said that it can be known through "precise so-and-so experiments".
Wang Yuan repeatedly recalled various formulas and theorems, and after writing them down, he found that they were not systematic and needed to be explained in an orderly and scientific manner.
Like Newton, Wang Yuan started with "mass", otherwise it would be difficult to explain many things that follow.
He has to define "mass" and explain the relationship between mass, density and volume, and he must also give a specific demonstration process.
Newton was right when he said that he stood on the shoulders of giants, but Wang Yuan did not have the shoulders of giants to stand on. Newton could "obtain a certain experiment" because European scientists had done similar experiments, and Wang Yuan had to
Do the experiment yourself.
There was also a lack of tools for the density experiment. Wang Yuan had to get a graduated glass beaker first, otherwise the experiment would be very cumbersome.
Ever since, Wang Yuan planned to create his own laboratory.
It just so happens that the house in the west of the city has been renovated, only a few illegal details have been removed, and the overall layout has not been changed.
"Scholar Wang, please sign and stamp." The eunuch in charge of the handover said, holding a document.
After Wang Yuan signed his signature in twos and twos, he officially took over the house. However, the royal family's property was not managed by the Household Department. He had to go to the Yamen to report and then submit it to the Household Department for approval, and then the transfer would be considered real.
During the Zhengde period, the control over real estate and land transactions was not as strict as it was during the Hongzhi period.
Take the real estate transaction as an example. During the Hongzhi Dynasty, the local government required the local government to report it to the Ministry of Household Affairs, who would then issue the deed and the deed. The deed was to show that the Department of Revenue recognized the transaction, and the deed was left to the local government as a tax payment certificate.
In the Zhengde Dynasty, the Ministry of Revenue no longer issued deeds, that is, the control over land transactions was transferred from the Ministry of Households to local yamen. The Ministry of Households only issued the deeds, which was equivalent to only paying attention to the tax content and no longer taking care of the acres of land.
Whose is it? By the time of Jiajing, the Ministry of Household Affairs did not even issue deeds, and land transactions became more frequent and difficult to control.
Wang Yuan's house and farmland were both rewarded by the emperor. They could be taken directly to the Ministry of Household Affairs for stamping, and the approval was very fast.
At this point, Wang Yuan owns a house covering an area of 208 acres in Beijing, and another 1,010 acres of fertile land. He is a proper landlord! (Liu Jin’s house, after repeated calculations by Lao Wang, was found to be 108 acres.
There were not enough acres to build so many palaces, so it was changed to 208 acres.)
After the eunuchs left, they were left with thirty-three male servants, twenty-six female servants, and ninety-seven tenant farmers attached to the fields.
Before setting up the laboratory, Wang Yuan had to arrange these people.