The laboratory is located in the southeast of the School of Chemistry, adjacent to the alchemy room.
In fact, the alchemy room is just Wei Ao's own term, and the real name should be the metallurgical room.
Chemistry is an experimental science, including the smelting of various ores, which require melting through high-temperature flames.
When Wei Ao was in Fengming Mountain, he got a pill furnace by himself and raised the temperature in the pill furnace to a thousand degrees by pushing the blower box by hand.
At Qingzhou Institute of Chemistry, the blast box was improved by Ma Jun and turned into a tie rod piston type wind box. Together with selected coking coal, it can heat the temperature in the metallurgical furnace to about two thousand degrees, including the qualified steel products in Qingzhou today.
Refined using these equipment.
Don't think that the ancients were very backward. In fact, during the Song and Ming Dynasties, both technology and economic strength were very powerful and ranked among the best in the entire world.
If it were not for the lack of scientific foundation for the Industrial Revolution, it would not be the British's turn to dominate the world.
According to historical records, the Boshan Glass Workshop site is located at the north end of Boshan Street in Zibo City. It has the best natural coal minerals in ancient times. Since the Song Dynasty, it has become the mainstream glass production base at that time and can refine coking coal.
.
At present, Qingzhou steelmaking boilers are all using fire cloth, that is, asbestos ropes for sealing.
Asbestos gaskets are still the mainstream sealing material even in the 21st century.
Unfortunately, like rubber, asbestos mines are mainly produced in the Western Regions. Not only is the situation there extremely chaotic, but mineral mining is also very difficult. The amount of asbestos obtained by Su Shuang and Zhang Shiping from the Western Regions every year is very small and cannot meet the industrial demand.
But Chen Mu is not in a hurry, there will be milk and bread.
When the Han Dynasty rules the world again one day, whether it is rubber or asbestos, these basic raw materials will one day be in the pocket and become the cornerstone of the rise of an empire!
When Chen Mu and Wei Ao came to the laboratory, they saw that the laboratory was a row of solid houses made of cement. Each room was closed and sealed with glass doors and windows. Since there was no plastic and rubber, it was impossible to make isolation suits to isolate the toxic air.
, Therefore, the current laboratories no longer conduct experiments on toxic gases, but conduct ordinary chemical experiments to minimize the possible dangers.
Senior students are studying production seriously in the room, with teachers teaching and students experimenting on their own.
They used glasses and glass rods to stir and add various liquids to make the required solutions, and then observed the changes and effects of these solutions according to the experimental process.
Glass existed in ancient China. In many historical novels, the time travellers made a fortune by making glass as soon as they passed through.
But in fact, as early as the Shang and Zhou dynasties, the ancients obtained colored glaze by firing sand grains.
It's just that although the colored glass we get is colorful and very beautiful, it is easy to break, because what we make is lead-barium glass, while what the West makes is soda-lime glass. Although the shape is rough, it will not break when touched.
The School of Chemistry needs glassware for various experiments, and lead-barium glass that breaks when touched is naturally not suitable. Therefore, under the guidance of Chen Mu, Wei Ao, dean of the School of Chemistry, has been focusing on the research and development of soda-lime glass for a long time.
Manufacturing, using the blowing method, has successfully produced many glass products.
Among them, microscopes and telescopes have been developed, because the manufacture of soda-lime glass is not complicated. It only needs to use soda-lime quartz ore instead of raw materials containing lead and barium during the production process.
It's as if the force of gravity has always existed, but for thousands of years no one has ever questioned why they have been standing on the ground instead of being able to fly into the sky like a bird. All that is missing is a man named Newton sitting under an apple tree.
Chen Mu helped Wei Ao pierce this layer of window paper, and then the rest of the matter would be relatively simple.
Not to mention Chen Mu, any junior high school student knows the principles of microscopes and telescopes, and they are very simple to make.
The only problem is that the current manufacturing ratio of soda-lime glass has not yet reached a perfect level. The perfect ratio is 72% quartz sand, 15% soda ash, 9% limestone, and other small amounts of alumina, magnesium oxide, potassium oxide, etc.
These substances generally exist in feldspar, so the complete ratio should add 4% feldspar.
It's just that Chen Mu is not a top student in chemistry after all. He plays economics and has limited knowledge of chemistry, which is what he learned in high school. If you want him to play with some economic means and he is still good at it, let him create the perfect proportion of soda-lime glass, that is pure
Torture people.
Therefore, even if soda-lime glass is manufactured, its purity is still far behind that of later generations of completely transparent glass. The manufactured microscopes and telescopes are extremely ineffective. By grinding two lenses and superimposing them, it is indeed possible to achieve the desired observation.
The effect is far away, but if you really look at it, it's like myopia without glasses, and the whole world is blurry.
Therefore, in many novels, people travel back in time to create glass, and then immediately create telescopes and microscopes. This is obviously a lie.
Before someone could figure out the most perfect glass proportions and create the purest glass, it would be impossible to create impurity-free glass even with the blowing method. Naturally, it would also be impossible to create telescopes and microscopes.
As a result, the current glass products can only meet people's daily needs, but cannot meet the needs of more rigorous experiments. At least without a microscope, it is not easy for biology to achieve greater development.
But all this is not far off, because perfectly proportioned glass products are still being experimented with.
Just like when scientists made electric lamps, it took several years and thousands of materials to finally find tungsten filament.
Science is a long process, far from being as simple as people think.
Accompanied by Wei Ao, Chen Mu inspected all laboratories and observed the students' attitudes towards science.
He saw that many people were doing experiments very hard and seriously. No one was lazy, and no one was looking around and not listening to the teacher's explanation.
This chapter is not over yet, please click on the next page to continue reading! Chen Mu was still very happy to see such a result.
Most of the students here were born in poor families. In order to find a way out, they had no choice but to enter the most dangerous chemistry college with the best treatment.
It’s just that chemistry is different from physics. It is a science that changes the properties of matter. Although it is impossible to actually create gold, its function is to create a gold by fusion and separation of two or more substances.
plant new substances.
Therefore, it requires a large number of experiments to support it. Many senior students in the School of Chemistry spend most of their time in the laboratory, enduring boring and uninteresting experimental content.
Even if there is no progress, at least their attitude is still very diligent and serious.
Chen Mu was still very satisfied with their efforts.
However, he also knew that it might be difficult to achieve greater breakthroughs with the current level of chemistry.
Because like physics and biology, chemistry in Qingzhou is still in the practical stage, and a lot of theoretical knowledge has not yet been created.
Not only now, but also in the West, practice has been at the forefront for a long time and theory has been behind, and it will take a long time to establish it.
Situations like this were quite common in the ancient East and West, but one thing is an inevitable phenomenon. That is, the logical system established in the ancient Greek era laid the foundation for science. After the European Renaissance, a spurt of theories emerged.
break out.
Finally, at the end of the 18th century, using long-term theoretical knowledge as accumulation, the industrial revolution officially took off.
This is something Einstein mentioned when he wrote a letter in 1953.
This is also the fundamental reason why he mentioned in his letter why ancient China did not become the origin of modern science even though many inventions and creations in ancient China were ahead of the world.
As a person in the financial industry, Chen Mu is not a science or engineering major, but he is still very clear about the impact of mathematical logic on physical chemistry.
After all, mathematical logic is extremely important not only for physics and chemistry, but also for everything in the world, including finance and economics.
Therefore, he was not in a hurry for the School of Chemistry to produce anything earth-shattering.
What he hopes to see is that the logical thinking system that started in the School of Mathematics will be expanded, and then extended to the School of Physics and the School of Chemistry.
There is no separation between mathematics, physics and chemistry. Without mathematics, physics and chemistry would be like castles in the air without any foundation.
Therefore, it is good to see students from the School of Chemistry actively carrying out experimental research in chemistry.
It is unrealistic to complete the 2,000-year process of the West within a few years.
Everything needs time to settle.
Even if there is a person from the future leading them forward now, it will only save them a lot of detours.
However, even if it takes more than a thousand years of detours, it will still take dozens or hundreds of years.
When the School of Mathematics can expand the traditional Chinese computational mathematics and, with the help of Chen Mu, construct the most important components of mathematics such as logic and deduction, then physics and chemistry will also show leapfrog progress.
By then, "Universal Gravity" and part of the "Periodic Table of Elements" will probably come into being soon.
At that time, it was the golden age of vigorous development of scientific theoretical knowledge.
Chen Mu.
I would be happy to witness that era many years later!
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"There are many trees in Xi'an, and there are branches in Yi Nuo. They are fertile in their youth, and they are ignorant in joy."
"Xi has Chang Chu, Yi Nuo has its flowers, Yao's is fertile, and the music has no home."
"Xi has Chang Chu, Yi Nuo actually, Yao Zhi Wo Wo. There is no room for joy."
Coming out of the School of Chemistry and heading south, you can see the wall of the Confucian School.
The area of the Confucian College is second only to the Agricultural College in the entire Taishan Academy, not only because of its vast area, but also because of its large number of students.
There are more than 30,000 people in the Academy and more than 30,000 students in the Confucian Academy.
Because there is only one compulsory course in Taishan Academy’s study system, which is the Confucian College, and then you can choose one or two or three elective courses in other colleges.
Almost all students' daily courses require half a day of Confucianism before they can take other courses, so Confucianism courses account for half of the total courses.
The Confucian Academy has twelve gates and covers an area of 1,000 acres. The palace complex is huge in scale. There are even several hills inside, surrounded by jungles and lush green. After entering, the roads on both sides are towering green and dappled with sunlight.
On the large lawn not far away, many students recited the Book of Songs and recited scriptures.
Their language is extremely peculiar. Some of it is like a combination of French and Russian, with the same pronunciation as French, and many of them have Russian tongue flicks. If a modern person listens to it, it will be like listening to a book from heaven.
But this is ancient Chinese, and it is also the authentic Guandong Qi language. Today's Jizhou, Qingzhou, Yanzhou, Xuzhou, Yuzhou and other places mostly speak this language. Only some southern dialects and Minnan dialects that have been passed down to later generations belong to the Guandong Qi language.
branches of language.
For example, in the Jingmen dialect of Hubei in later generations, there is a large number of inheritance in this aspect. The idiom of eloquent tongue was used to describe people who spoke like springs at that time.
The Guanzhong dialect is even more interesting. It is the ancestor of Cantonese, Hokkien, and Hakka in later generations. Therefore, it is impossible for Qin Shihuang to say in Shaanxi dialect "Edi, all Edi". Instead, he might also speak some Cantonese.
accent.
Of course, this does not mean that Cantonese is ancient Chinese, but that ancient Chinese spread to Lingnan and was mixed with local languages, retaining some of the characteristics of ancient Chinese, and became Cantonese today.
There are some differences between Guanxi and Guandong dialects from the Qin Dynasty to the Han Dynasty, but generally speaking, they both belong to the ancient Chinese language system, commonly known as Zhongyuan Yayu, which is equivalent to ancient Mandarin.
Qin Shi Huang conquered Baiyue three times and moved hundreds of thousands of Central Plains people to the Lingnan area. Since then, the Central Plains elegant language has become popular in Lingnan and has been spread to this day and is relatively well preserved.
On the contrary, after the Wu Hu chaos in China, the elegant language of the Central Plains began to be lost. A large number of northerners migrated southward, and the language and customs had long since disappeared. Therefore, after the Jin Dynasty, there was a saying that "southerners can still speak Jin".
This chapter is not over yet, please click on the next page to continue reading! Listening to this strange language, Chen Mu's eyes suddenly became dazed.
I remember when I first traveled through time, everything the people around me said was like talking about the Book of Heaven. When I returned to the Han Dynasty two thousand years ago, I thought my ancestors were illiterate, but I didn't know that I was.
He knew some of the popular small seal and regular script characters at that time, but he couldn't understand a word of the language. So at that time, he could only pretend to be deaf and dumb. When others talked to him, he could only keep smiling and listen more and learn more in life.
, and then slowly mastered the language of the Han Dynasty.
Because the language of Zhongyuan Yayu is complicated, and even one word has three to four intonation changes, it is very difficult for communication.
Therefore, after taking power in Qingzhou, Chen Mu combined the Youbian dialect with the elegant language of the Central Plains, removed a large number of cumbersome tongue sounds, retained its rhymes, added its tones, and then promoted Pinyin to form a unique language.
Youzhou and Bingzhou dialects are the ancestors of later generations of Mandarin.
Beijing Mandarin was created after the Five Hus disrupted China, when a large number of Han people and Hu people lived together in the north, and the relatively simple tones and phonetics of the Hu people were mixed in. By the Song Dynasty, it gradually became a medieval language system. By the Ming and Qing Dynasties, it was basically
This is the Mandarin we hear now.
A simple intonation structure has the advantage of being simple, clear enunciation, sonorous and powerful, and easy to promote. But if you completely copy Mandarin, it will obviously not work.
People of later generations can speak Mandarin in addition to their own dialects. This is because after the great integration of the country during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the northern language family has gradually converged. Similar structures have been formed between dialects and Mandarin in many places, and only the pronunciation or pronunciation needs to be slightly changed.
The tone can be switched freely.
But in the Han Dynasty, Mandarin was not even considered the grandson of Zhongyuan Yayu, but could only be regarded as the grandson of grandson. In terms of intonation, tone, rhyme, and pronunciation, the two were not from the same language family at all, and almost no word had the same pronunciation.
For the people of the Han Dynasty, this was a completely new language, no less than learning Chinese from scratch.
Moreover, the ancients had long been accustomed to the cumbersome Central Plains elegant language. If it were to be promoted forcefully, it would be opposed by all parties just like the promotion of vernacular Chinese during the Republic of China.
Therefore, what Chen Mu formulated is actually a simple version of Youbin dialect and Zhongyuan Yayu. It has the simple structure of Mandarin while retaining the pronunciation and tones of Zhongyuan Yayu, so that the people will not feel like they have to learn a new language all over again.
language, while reciting the Book of Songs, one can still read its charm.
Just like the difference between local dialects and Mandarin, this new language now has a relatively simple intonation structure, which is equivalent to the Central Plains Yayu without the tongue elastic and some northern characteristic tones. Therefore, even if the people can't speak it, they can still barely speak it.
Can understand.
In order to formulate this language, Chen Mu took great pains, summoned famous scholars from all over the world to conduct research, and often discussed with Zheng Xuan, Cai Yong and others. After several years of hard work, he achieved this achievement.
Fortunately, all the efforts are worth it. This language, designated as Central Plains Chinese, has been vigorously promoted. Students from the academy go to teach in schools all over the country and teach it to primary school students who study for free. When the next generation grows up, it will gradually become popular and in the future.
Like Mandarin, it will become Han Mandarin.
In addition, the creation of characters and the elimination of complexity and simplicity are also proceeding in an orderly manner. The creation of characters in the Chinese language system is not fabricated out of thin air. A well-known centipede once made a statement that she and dwarf have opposite meanings, but in fact
According to the evolution of Chinese characters, "she" in ancient times was the shape of a man holding a bow and arrow, while "dwarf" came from the witch sacrifices of the Shang and Zhou dynasties, both of which have their original meanings.
Therefore, it is not an easy task to simplify the font while retaining the essence of Chinese characters.
Fortunately, the fonts of the Han Dynasty were in the process of evolving from small seal script to regular script. Basically, most simplified and traditional characters already existed at this time. What was needed was to simplify more traditional characters used in daily life, and the process was not difficult.
After all, Chen Mu does not need a large number of linguists to re-customize as he did in the early days of the founding of the new era. On the basis of future generations, he alone can complete the work.
Then, together with many great scholars, he compiled all Chinese characters into a dictionary and marked them with pinyin, which started a new generation of cultural popularization and spread knowledge more easily.
It's easy to say, but it's still very difficult to do.
Even if the new Central Plains Chinese is just a simplified version of Central Plains Yayu, and even if simplified Chinese characters were already popular at that time, people's inherent thoughts are still difficult to change quickly. Therefore, among adults, these two languages and writings are not
Any response, not even a splash.
However, Chen Mu also knew that just like the promotion of Mandarin in later generations, this is a process that takes decades. What is needed is not to change adults, but to change those young children, so that they can change from generation to generation to be effective.
Chen Mu's own relatives are an example. His parents' generation still retains a strong local accent, while his older cousins and cousins can switch between Mandarin and local dialects easily and speak very well.
There are younger cousins, cousins, and even some who can’t speak the local dialect and can only understand it.
As for the next generation, it is estimated that it will be very difficult to find someone who can speak the local dialect. Because middle schools in various counties and cities have begun to require students to speak Mandarin. Not to mention those larger cities, in the future
In a few hundred years, it is not impossible that the dialect will completely disappear in the long river of history.
"Palace Chief!"
"Hello, Palace Chief."
"I met the palace chief."
Chen Mu was walking in the Confucian Academy with thousands of thoughts in his mind.
Not far away, the get out of class bell rang jinglingly, and before you knew it, it was already noon. Countless students came out of various palace teaching buildings and greeted Chen Mu when they saw him.
Chen Mu smiled and nodded. He originally wanted to come to the Confucian Academy for inspection, but since get out of class was over, there was no need.
So I followed the direction where the students were walking and found a canteen at random.