The Han Dynasty in the first year of Zhangwu was far calmer than ever before.
After Jizhou was recovered, Liu Bei no longer prepared for the next war, and the imperial court began to engage in internal affairs and diplomacy.
Letters of official documents were not only sent to all parts of the country, but were also constantly conveyed under his own rule. The ministerial office was fully activated. Since the ministerial order Zhong Yao went to Qingzhou, the ministerial order was vacant.
However, the Sangong recorded matters as the Minister, and Chen Mu also assisted the Sangong in handling official documents, so everything was carried out in an orderly manner. The Shangshu Desk completely became a transfer agency, and the real people in power became the Sangong's Mansion and the Shaofu.
During the Liu Yu period, the Three Gongs and the Nine Qings became mere decorations. During the Liu Bei period, the first thing they did was to restore the powers of the Three Gongs and the Nine Qings at Chen Mu's suggestion and start a government management model.
The reason for doing this is first of all to appease the mood of the old ministers in the court. Restoring their power will help the official operation of the court institutions, and at the same time, it will also prevent the Liu Bei Group from having to deal with other affairs. Otherwise, raising so many idle people will obviously be a dead meal.
From this point of view, the Liu Bei Group's rise to power is completely different from the historical Cao Cao Group's control of Han Xian Emperor. This is because Liu Bei is the emperor and Cao Cao is a powerful minister. Their different positions mean that their methods of holding power are also different.
Cao Cao was not the emperor, so he had to keep all power in his own hands.
And Liu Bei is the emperor. According to Chen Mu, he only needs to do two things - hold the money bag tightly and control the handle of the knife.
That is, control of finances and military power.
As for the pen, just leave it to other ministers.
The powers of the Sangong and Jiuqing were restored, and the dispatch of officials from Jizhou, Qingzhou and Guanzhong was also put on the agenda.
This is easy to handle. In recent years, Taishan Academy has become famous all over the world. Countless wealthy families have sent their outstanding children to the academy to ensure that their children can have a good future.
Reading in the palace.
The Academy graduates every four years. Now it has developed for more than ten years and has tens of thousands of outstanding graduates. Some of these people have been trained as physicists, some as chemists, and more of them studied Confucianism and politics.
, entered the Qingzhou Government Affairs Station, and was then assigned to serve as low-level officials in various places to govern the people.
Since Liu Bei only controlled Qingzhou and half of Xuzhou at that time, the number of official positions that could be placed was limited, and a large number of graduates graduated every year, resulting in more monks and less food. Therefore, even in remote areas such as the Sanhan Peninsula and Kyushu Island in Japan, a large number of students were
Send it over.
The children of powerful families in those places are definitely not willing to go. Most of the students who go there are from poor families. Chen Mu once promised that if they can achieve results there, they will be promoted faster than the local officials of the Han Dynasty, so that the students who go there will be from ordinary families.
There was an endless stream of students who were born, and they soon controlled Sanhan and all parts of Kyushu Island in Japan.
Now that Jizhou and Guanzhong have been obtained, a large number of officials are needed to supplement them. In the environment where there are many monks and few people in Qingzhou, there are so many officials vacant, so naturally they will be replaced easily.
After these officials were assigned, Chen Mu immediately joined forces with the three officials and nine ministers to promote government reform. In other words, it was not considered reform, but directly copied the Qingzhou model, separated more departments with authority, and streamlined the bureaucracy.
, clarify their responsibilities and reduce the occurrence of corpse meals.
Chen Mu created a rigorous bureaucracy. The top level is naturally the Sangong and Jiuqing, commonly known as the Gongqing Group, and then the three independent sitting systems. The original Yushitai was in name only. Now it has joined the Qingzhou Supervision System and reset the Yushi Dafu
, similar to the post-Century Committee.
The first is the separation of the public prosecutor's office and the law, and the establishment of procuratorial agencies, including the county procuratorate, Dali Yuan, and Wei Yuan.
The litigation and trial powers of the Han Dynasty were controlled by county captains and county magistrates locally, while the central government was controlled by Tingwei. Therefore, the separation of powers was not implemented in the highest institutions, that is, institutions such as the Supreme Court and the Supreme Procuratorate appeared in later generations.
Therefore, after the separation of public security, prosecution and law, functions must be redistributed. At the local level, the power of county and state chiefs to arrest criminals and investigate cases must be deprived of, and replaced by county lieutenants and county lieutenants.
This is equivalent to the county lieutenant being the director of the county public security bureau, the prefecture lieutenant being the director of the municipal public security bureau, and the prefectural captain being the director of the provincial public security bureau. They are layer by layer, with superior and subordinate leadership functions.
Their highest authority leader is the Weiwei among the Nine Qings. The original Weiwei's authority was very low, equivalent to the officer guarding the palace gate. The imperial guards in the palace were in charge of the Weiwei, but now they are in charge of the Tianxia Weiyuan.
He then controls the palace guards and is equivalent to the Minister of Public Security.
Dali Yuan is much simpler. It is equivalent to the courts of later generations and is responsible for hearing cases. There are county Dali Yuan, county Dali Yuan and state Dali Yuan. The highest leader is Ting Wei.
The Metropolitan Procuratorate is responsible for criminal and prison proceedings. After the investigation and handling of cases by the Metropolitan Procuratorate and the local Wei Yuan are confirmed to be correct, the Metropolitan Procuratorate will file a lawsuit with the Dali Yuan. The target is the procuratorate of later generations. The top leader is Guang Luxun, that is, Jiang Guang
Luxun's functions were elevated to supervising local prison proceedings and reviewing case issues.
There is no way, there is only one supervisory system in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and that is the censor. The so-called local governor is actually the censor sent by the central government of the imperial court, so the governor is also called the censor, and their boss is the censor. If the governor
If the local governor is found to have violated laws and disciplines, he will submit a letter to the Yushitai, which will then be forwarded to the Sangong for review, and finally the local magistrate will be convicted.
If the functions of the Metropolitan Procuratorate are also transferred to the Yushitai, the power of the Yushitai will expand unprecedentedly, so power must be divided. The top leaders of the Public Security Bureau and the Procuratorate are the President of the Supreme Court and the President of the Supreme Procuratorate.
As well as the Minister of Public Security, the three law departments have equal power and their positions must be equal, so they are all held by Jiu Qing.
Weiwei and Tingwei changed their powers. Guang Luxun, who had some overlap with the Weiwei's powers, naturally had to change his powers. Therefore, the functions of the local Metropolitan Procuratorate were handed over to Guang Luxun, who was responsible for local criminal justice.
Prison litigation and review cases.
This chapter is not over yet, please click on the next page to continue reading! In addition, Chen Mu also established a new Oversight Council, with Yushitai as the top leader.
The function of the Supervisory Yuan is equivalent to the Discipline Inspection Commission. The imperial censor is concurrently served by a San Gong, whose rank is higher than that of Jiu Qing. In this way, he can exercise the power of supervision and supervise all officials in the world.
In this way, from the perspective of public security, procuratorate, and law, whether at the local or central level, everyone is basically at the same level and has no leadership role with each other. There will be no aggregation of power and the situation where local officials dominate the sky.
The Public Security Bureau and local officials are also supervised by the Supervisory Yuan, and the top leadership of the Supervisory Yuan is higher than the top leadership of the Public Security Bureau, which is equivalent to the fact that senior disciplinary officials must be higher than the public security bureau.
In this way, the current public prosecutors' laws have been almost perfected and the occurrence of unjust, false and wrongful convictions in various places has been reduced.
It sounds like this system is copied from the official system of later republics, but in fact it is the three-level system that existed in the Han Dynasty since ancient times.
It's just that the three-division system in the Han Dynasty was immature, and the separation of public security and law was not achieved at the local level. Only the central government had Tingwei, Yushi Zhongcheng and Sili Xiaowei to form the top three-division leaders, who were only responsible for major cases and ignored local cases.
By the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, our country's public security system had become quite mature. The public security system and the legal system were gradually separated. There were three officials in charge: the Minister of Dali Temple, the Secretary of the Ministry of Punishment, and the Yushi Zhongcheng, who were called the three judges.
By the Ming and Qing Dynasties, it was basically completed. The three divisions were composed of Dali Temple, the Criminal Department, and the Metropolitan Procuratorate. The Dali Temple was responsible for hearing cases, the Criminal Department was responsible for solving cases, and the Metropolitan Procuratorate was responsible for procuratorial work.
Therefore, Chen Mu did not copy the republican system of later generations, but gradually developed the Han Dynasty's bureaucratic system towards the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
Don't think that the Ming and Qing systems were very backward. The Ming and Qing Dynasties were the peak dynasties of the feudal period, and various systems were quite complete. Especially in the Qing Dynasty, the efficiency of the entire bureaucratic system was very developed.
People like Qianlong have been playing for decades, but the country is still as stable as Mount Tai. It can be seen that matters large and small no longer need to be handled by the emperor personally, and are handled by their respective authorities.
Chen Mu slowly advanced the system to the system of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, which was actually a kind of progress in itself, and it was also a leap under the existing system.
At the same time, the local public prosecutor's office, in addition to the three departments of the Metropolitan Procuratorate, Dali Yuan, Weiyuan, and the Discipline Inspection Commission responsible for supervision, has also set up an official administration Yuan.
This organization is equivalent to the subordinate organization of the Ministry of Personnel of the three provinces and six ministries of the Tang Dynasty. Its existence is not to supervise, but to review. Whether the officials' performance is good or not, and whether their moral standards are high or not are all recorded by them and sent to the central government.
proceed checking.
The Han Dynasty was an era of high moral requirements. People generally respected people with high moral standards. If a person was filial to his parents, friendly to his brothers, and harmonious to his neighbors, then this person could easily be elected as a filial and honest official.
Therefore, while adapting to the times, Chen Mu must also require officials to not only have the ability to govern the local area, but also have extremely high moral standards.
If this institution was set up after the Tang and Song Dynasties, it would probably not have much effect.
Officials will be corrupt if they should be corrupt, and they will be corrupt if they should be.
But in the Han Dynasty, officials paid great attention to reputation in the village. If a person had a high reputation, like Li Ying, and was called a model in the world, he would be respected wherever he went.
For example, there is a great Confucian named Wang Lie in Qingzhou today. He can be said to be a model of noble moral character in the late Han Dynasty. He is upright and fair in dealing with things. He has a high reputation in Qingzhou. Therefore, he was recommended by Chen Mu as the dean of the Qingzhou Official Affairs Academy.
When he was in Qingzhou, both the people and officials in Qingzhou had to pay attention to their own moral standards and greatly improved the rule of ethics.
It was precisely because of the special customs and circumstances of the Han Dynasty that Chen Mucai decided to govern the place with the rule of virtue and law.
Morality is used to restrain officials and people, and there are laws to severely punish criminals. At the same time, the separation of public security and prosecution, depriving county magistrates and county magistrates of their ability to handle cases, and preventing unjust, false and wrongful convictions, was already a very big deal for the Han Dynasty, which had a relatively backward system.
improvement.
The top leader of the Office of Officials was Situ, one of the three officials. There was no official department in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Officials were promoted or demoted based on the emperor's words, so it was very necessary to establish the official department.
But again, it would be too radical to directly overturn the system of three officials and nine ministers, so we can only achieve this goal indirectly by re-dividing powers.
Among the three ministers, Taiwei is in charge of military power, equivalent to the Ministry of War, Situ is in charge of education, equivalent to the Ministry of Rites, and Sikong is in charge of water conservancy construction and civil engineering, equivalent to the Ministry of Industry.
And this is just in name. In real life, they are basically empty-handed. The Taiwei can't control the soldiers, the Situ can't control the education, and the Sikong can't control the water conservancy and civil engineering.
Therefore, Chen Mu changed their functions and powers so that the three princes had real power. The Taiwei no longer controlled the military affairs and worked part-time as the imperial censor. In this way, the Taiwei became the top leader of the Supervisory Council, which was equivalent to the emperor in later generations.
****.
Situ concurrently served as the dean of the Central Officials Academy, which was equivalent to the official minister of the three provinces and six ministries and the later director of the organization department. He controlled the promotion of officials across the country, reviewed their political achievements, and supervised their moral standards.
Sikong, on the other hand, served part-time as the dean of the newly established Mingyuan, and assigned the generals to be great craftsmen under his rule, equivalent to the Minister of Household Affairs and the Minister of Industry, managing construction, construction and household registration.
At the same time, the functions of Jiuqing have also been appropriately changed.
Taichang was originally in charge of sacrificial rituals and the etiquette of the ancestral temple. Now he has an additional function, which is the teaching that originally belonged to Situ. He is equivalent to the Minister of Rites among the three provinces and six ministries and the Minister of Education in later generations. He is in charge of national sacrificial rights and national education.
Weiwei was originally an officer who commanded the guards to guard the palace. Now he was changed to a criminal official, equivalent to the Minister of Punishment of the Three Provinces and Six Ministries and the Minister of Public Security in later generations.
The Tingwei was originally a judicial institution, so its functions remained unchanged and was equivalent to Dali Temple and the Supreme Court in later generations.
Guang Luxun was originally the minister in charge of the palace guards and general palace affairs, equivalent to the general manager of the palace. Now he has the function of leading the Metropolitan Procuratorate and is responsible for supervising the local legal system.
The Taipu is an official in charge of the emperor's affairs and horse administration. Now there is a Communications Institute, which is responsible for the construction of highways and waterways, equivalent to the Ministry of Communications.
Dahonglu's duties remain unchanged and are equivalent to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
The responsibilities of the Shaofu have been strengthened. It was originally a functional agency that managed the private property and daily affairs of the royal family. It is now a national financial agency responsible for the royal family's property and treasury property, which is equivalent to the Ministry of Finance.
Zongzheng's functions remain unchanged and he is responsible for the management of the clan throughout the country, but his jurisdiction over the clan and the power to change personnel have also been strengthened.
Da Si Nong cut off the financial function, retained the agricultural function, and is still responsible for the national agricultural development.
This is Chen Mu's current internal affairs reform. Although the organization cannot be compared with the subdivisions of later republics, it has initially established the functions of the three provinces and six ministries of the Tang Dynasty, improved the national governance issues, and solved the problem of the original excessiveness of the three ministers and nine ministers.
Chaotic functional organization.
And these are just internal affairs. Local magistrates, county guards, and state pastors have also had a large amount of power, military power, finance, and criminal justice removed from their hands. Now only the power to manage people's livelihood is left, and their highest person in charge is the emperor.
Liu Bei has always been people-oriented, so the management of people's livelihood is a major matter for him. Whether the weather is smooth in various places and whether the people live and work in peace and contentment are all matters he cares about.
Therefore, after cutting off some of the functions of local officials, they were allowed to focus on people's livelihood issues. When they encountered problems, they would submit them to the Shangshu Tai, who would deal with them. If they couldn't deal with them, they would finally be handed over to the emperor.
.
As for military power.
A marshal's office was established and a military rank system was added. The marshal was concurrently held by the emperor and was in charge of the country's military power.
The word marshal originated in "Zuo Zhuan", but it was not a specific term for an official position at that time. It just meant the title of "chief of the general", which was somewhat similar to the temporary position of governor.
Now that the position of marshal has been officially established, its functions are equivalent to those of the former lieutenants and generals. Military forces across the country must unconditionally obey the orders of the marshal's office.
Under the marshal, there are three generals with the rank of generals, namely the hussar general, the chariot general, and the guard general. Their official rank is rank ten thousand stones, slightly lower than the three Dukes. They form the Supreme Military Council to help the emperor command the national military.
The military rank system actually existed as early as the Spring and Autumn Period. At that time, it was divided into generals, captains, and Sima. The three levels of generals, captains, and lieutenants were compared in later generations.
It’s just that this military rank system does not have a clear concept. Generals with heavy titles, generals with miscellaneous titles, captains with heavy titles, and captains with miscellaneous titles are very complicated, and the system is not clear, so now Chen Mu is just changing this system from fiction to reality, and changing the duties and powers.
From blur to clarity.
Under the general, there are nine generals, front, rear, left, center, southeast, northeast, southwest and northwest.
Under the generals, sixteen general ranks were established, namely Four Expeditions, Four Towns, Four Ans and Four Pings.
Under the rank of general, there are generals, generals, and finally generals.
At the same time, the ranks of school lieutenants and Sima-level officers were also reorganized, with Sima-level officers cancelled, and replaced by school-level officers and lieutenant-level officers.
If compared to later generations, the position of marshal is equivalent to the marshal of the world's soldiers and horses, the general is equivalent to the marshal, the general is equivalent to the general, the general is equivalent to the general, the general is equivalent to the lieutenant general, the partial general is equivalent to the major general, and the school-level officer
The same is true for lieutenant-level officers.
This is not to establish a new order, but to re-clarify the division of responsibilities based on the original positions and official titles. Secondly, it is to clarify the originally chaotic military system, clarify the superiority and inferiority, and order management.
In addition, the Military Division and the Military Affairs Department are also established. Needless to say, the Military Division can be understood as the staff department. It is the deputy of the military commander and the planner of strategies and tactics. The military division is divided into the general military division, the general military division, and the general.
The military advisor, General Lang's advisor, and the commander's advisor are responsible for discussing strategies and tactics with the army chiefs.
The Ministry of Military Affairs is the original military auxiliary organization. The army originally had chief clerks, officials, grain officers, ordnance officers, etc. These personnel arrangements were not clearly divided. Therefore, they are now unified under the Ministry of Military Affairs, which is equivalent to the logistics department.
The three generals are Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, and Chen Mu, and the nine generals are Dian Wei, Tai Shi Ci, Zang Ba, Zhang Liao, Gao Shun, Huang Zhong, Zhao Yun, Qian Zhao, and Xu Rong, whose pseudonym is Xu Zheng.
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These people joined early, have deep seniority, and have many military exploits, so they can serve as generals and have the power to lead troops alone.
The sixteen generals do not have the power to lead the army alone. Currently, there are Xu Huang, Guan Hai, Wu Anguo, Han Hao, Sun Guan, Cai Yang, Zhang Yan, etc. Their qualifications and military exploits are not as good as those of the generals, but they basically all learned from Liu Bei.
He joined during the period before and after the war against Dong, and had considerable military exploits, so he was qualified for the job.
And Zhang Yan is quite special. He has never participated in Liu Bei's army before, but because he brought hundreds of thousands of people to join him, and he was a general in trouble in the imperial court, if he was demoted, it would upset the public, so he was included in the sixteen generals.
among the list.
As for General Lang and General General, they are the original batch of captains, such as Xu He, Sima Ju, Li Bo, Guan Cheng, Wang Dan, Zhang Rao, Wu Dun, Yin Li, Sun Kang, Wen Su, Xu Chu, Qin
Qi, Luo Hao, Li Lan, etc. have relatively low qualifications and military exploits. Many of them were Yellow Turbans or surrendered generals by the enemy, and now they are almost promoted to generals.
This forms the military system.
As for senior advisers such as Ju Shou Xun You and Xun Yu Tian Feng, they did not join the Military Division. It was Qu Cai who asked them to go to the Military Division. Therefore, Chen Mu restructured the Han Dynasty's Langguan advisory system, replacing the original Zhongsan doctor, admonishing doctor, and discussing
Lang, a waiter and other advisor to the emperor, carried out the overall planning.
Establish a cabinet, add cabinet ministers, take charge of the government according to the decree, draft this chapter, and be responsible for helping the emperor handle the world's government affairs. The benchmark is the Ming Dynasty cabinet and the Qing Dynasty Military Aircraft Department, strengthening centralization and strengthening central rule.
Including Chen Muju, Xunyou, Xunyu, Tianfeng and others, they are all cabinet ministers. In the future, people like Zhuge Liang and Sima Yi may also be.
In this way, Chen Mu completed a leap from the Han Dynasty system to a system close to the Ming and Qing Dynasties without changing the name. He also completed the division of powers between the civil official group and the military attache group. At the same time, the powers of the three officials and nine ministers were clearly defined.
It was restricted by the cabinet and then unified under the jurisdiction of the imperial power. Each department restricted and supervised each other, forming a high-efficiency system.
This chapter is not finished yet, please click on the next page to continue reading the exciting content! Of course.
No matter how perfect the system is, it will definitely get worse later on.
The vassal system of the Tang Dynasty led to the segregation of vassal towns; the suppression of the military attaché system in the Song Dynasty led to the decline of martial ethics; the cabinet system of the Ming Dynasty led to constant party disputes and rampant corruption among officials in the later period; the military aircraft system of the Qing Dynasty led to excessive imperial power, and the military ministers only needed to please the emperor to gain power.
Therefore, from the Tang Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, it was just a process of continuous evolution of the system.
It's just that the Han Dynasty system is too backward. At least if it is reformed now, the efficiency and capabilities will definitely be greatly improved, far better than the current situation.
As the saying goes, this time, that time.
The system itself needs to constantly adapt to the changes of the times. At least later generations have gained experience. The Tang Dynasty's three provinces and six ministries system is better than the Han Dynasty's three ministers and nine ministers system. The Ming and Qing cabinets and military aircraft departments can strengthen the imperial power, so they naturally need to be adapted from time to time.
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Therefore, Chen Mu's current restructuring will definitely bring more advantages than disadvantages to the current big man.
As for the future, if problems like the Song, Ming and Qing Dynasties arise, it will be a headache for the rulers one or two hundred years from now. This is the case now.
In addition, Chen Mu also stipulated that all officials in the world should not cling to the idea that ancestral laws are immutable. He used Shang Yang's reform as an example to tell everyone that once a certain system becomes rigid and becomes a bad policy that harms the people, it will
Reform must be carried out immediately.
The greatest power of the cabinet is the power to propose reforms to the emperor.
In this way, Chen Mu transformed the imperial court from top to bottom.
The operational efficiency of various institutions has been greatly enhanced. In terms of internal affairs, people's livelihood management, agricultural cultivation, bridge construction and road construction, post-war reconstruction work has been carried out rapidly.
In terms of military affairs, each general performs his or her own duties, and under the overall coordination of the three generals, they cooperate with each other to clarify the hierarchy.
At the same time, the number of troops, elite changes, reduction of numbers and recruitment of new soldiers were all in order.
Originally, the number of Liu Bei's army was never clear. Qingzhou was recruiting troops, and Luoyang was also recruiting troops. After reasonable overall arrangements, the Ministry of Military Affairs laid off a large number of old and weak people, resettled the land, and distributed work.
And they constantly recruited young and strong people for training, maintaining the number of troops at about 300,000, and preparing to establish three major armies, managed by three generals, and under their jurisdiction nine generals, known as the Nine Tiger Generals, creating a
A powerful army.
certainly.
All this started in the first year of Zhang Wu. When the restructuring was first carried out, it was a little chaotic and it took time to start rectifying it. Therefore, this was not an easy thing for Chen Mu and the entire cabinet.