Rome had a complete development curve, from the royal era, to the republican era, to the imperial era. The imperial era of Rome was actually feudal, which was different from the dynastic era in the East.
The East also has a complete development curve, from the black bird of the Yin and Shang Dynasty, to the Zhou rites of the Zhou Dynasty, to the two-level counties and counties of the Qin and Han Dynasties, to the later three-level states and counties, to the later civil and military system, etc...
…
The advantage of the parliamentary system is that it helps the nobles compete for resources, and the resources can be pooled for better investment. The disadvantage is that it is easy to mess up the basic base, and there is no system to protect the Romans.
After the Mariusian reforms, you could become a Roman by joining the army. There were more and more Romans, and Parliament could not control them, so they entered the imperial era. The feudalism of the empire could well guarantee that the Romans could become Romans after completing their obligations.
As a Roman, you don’t have to worry about being robbed of resources.
Finally, because of the discovery of the New World, the parliamentary system was revived again. A large number of nobles robbed resources and made various investments, and science and technology came to the fore. But as the dividends disappeared, the disadvantages of the parliamentary system reappeared, that is, the resources of the Romans continued to be taken away.
Become a free citizen.
So in the end, we have to be feudal, otherwise there will be two consequences. One is to disappear like ancient Greece, and the other is that in order to protect their own resources, citizens put forward citizen supremacy and launch wars, such as heads of state. They rob other countries' resources and maintain their status unchanged.
.
Of course, there is another possibility, that is, the investment of the nobles will be lucky again, and they will receive huge dividends like the New World and technology. In this way, the parliamentary system will not have to worry and can be revived again.
As for the East, the Spring and Autumn Period was feudal. Although the nobles also wanted to extract resources to maintain their advantage, they had to rob them within the framework of Zhou Li. It could be said that they were dancing in shackles.
After the enfeoffment, as long as the people fulfill their obligations, the nobles will allocate land to them and let them become Zhou people. The result is that the land is not enough. The nobles are the ones without money. How can they collect money from the enfeoffed land?
Come up?
So the nobles began to collect the first-acre tax.
In the past, nobles had their own public land, and their income mainly consisted of two parts. One part was tribute, which was what they had agreed to give away. The other part was the labor force of their subordinates. When the nobles under their subordinates worked, they would cultivate public land, which was the land of the princes. The labor force was
Others paid for it, but the fruits of their labor belong to the nobility.
After feudalism, the nobles distributed all the public land. What should we do? The original public land revenue was gone. So we thought of tax collection, which means that all land is privatized, regardless of public land and private land. All land must be taxed.
The nobles used this money to protect everyone's land.
Originally, the income from the nobles' public lands was their own, but now the nobles cultivate the public lands themselves, and they also have to pay one-tenth of the tax. As the nobles set an example, everyone is naturally willing to pay taxes and use the money to defend against foreign enemies and build bridges and pave roads.
.
Of course, the promotion of the first-acre tax was slow, and in many areas the rules of the game were still between public land and private land. The birth of the first-acre tax also represented the collapse of the enfeoffment system.
The land under the enfeoffment system was passed down from generation to generation, and it was Zhou Li who allowed you to farm the land. But now the land is yours, you can do with it whatever you want, and you don’t have to worry about Zhou Li anymore. From then on, land annexation has become something that future generations cannot do.
big problem solved.
Because the land belongs to you, you can sell it if you sell it, and buy it if you buy it. Unlike the feudal era, the land is entrusted by the emperor and is not allowed to be handled casually. If it is handled, it is not in line with etiquette, and if it is not in line with etiquette, it will cause social death.
Therefore, the nobles of this era were also frantically snatching resources and investing in handicrafts. During the Warring States Period, the main workplace of slaves was not in the fields, but in workshops. Large workshops with thousands of people were commonplace in the Qin and Han Dynasties.
Those who live in the land are small nobles and savages, not slaves. Those who live in handicraft workshops are slaves. They do not have any land resources and can only depend on the nobles.
Mencius wanted to restore the well-field system and restore public and private fields, but in the end he became a lost dog like Confucius. The main content of Shang Yang's reform at the same time as Mencius was to not distinguish between private and public fields, everyone farmed, and then handed over the harvest to fight.
, there are only two things in this country, farming and war.
There is no distinction between public land and private land at all, and the income from all land is concentrated to do only one thing.
It has to be said that both Confucius and Mencius in Confucianism were against the trend. Confucius was stubbornly opposed to Zhou rites. Although Mencius believed that Zhou rites needed improvement, he was stubbornly opposed to public land and private land and insisted on restoring the public land system.
Shang Yang completely abolished public and private fields in the Qin State. Everyone had to pay taxes. Because there was a need to collect taxes, there was also a need to unify weights and measures. In the past, it didn't matter if weights and measures were different in transactions in various places, but now the Qin State
Unified taxation definitely needs to be unified.
Therefore, books with the same text, cars with the same track, and unified weights and measures are completely realistic needs, and it is not Qin Shihuang's idea.
Other nobles were still concentrating resources to develop handicraft workshops, while the Qin Dynasty concentrated all its efforts on fighting, and the results were obvious.
In the Han Dynasty, at the beginning, the emperor did not manage much land, and the Han people only had a small area. As the territory became larger and larger, there were naturally more and more Han people. As a result, the territory was too large and states had to be established. What was the result?
, the tax revenue is given to the state pastor, and there is no need to look at the emperor's face.
The emperor of the Han Dynasty was rich, so he promoted more Han people, and more outsiders were willing to become Han people. In various places, nobles still had to seize resources to establish advantages. Since talents from various places could not be reused locally, they might as well become Han people.
When the Han Dynasty was first established, there were countries such as Qi and Chu, and they were not Han people. However, although these countries were enfeoffed, they did not have a system like Zhou Li to protect the status of their people.
The nobles were frantically grabbing resources, and the status of the countrymen was not guaranteed, so they had to go to the emperor to beg for food. The emperor was a system of counties and counties, which could create jobs, so everyone changed from Qi people and Chu people to Han people.
As a result, the emperor's territory grew larger, and the number of Han people increased. Eventually, it became too big for the emperor to control, so states were established, and the emperor was emptied out.
As a result, everyone was Han, so they had to be divided into three, six, and nine grades, and feudalism was adopted. Because feudalism was really a good way to stabilize the internal affairs, the nine-grade Zhongzheng system was born.
Feudalism is about clarifying everyone's obligations and rights, and fulfilling your own obligations. That is, even fellow citizens and nobles cannot rob you of your resources. If you rob you, it is not in line with etiquette, and you need to be condemned by society.
The caste system in Tianzhu is a kind of enfeoffment and is very stable.
It is a pity that feudalism cannot stop the competition among nobles, so some nobles will engage in the Han Dynasty and integrate the prefecture and county system. Because the prefecture and county system is the best way to gather resources when there are not a lot of resources.
Only by concentrating your efforts on doing big things can you stand out from the competition that is not favorable to you.
If everyone is feudal, it will be difficult to extract resources, so we have to break the feudal system and implement the county system. Why not a parliamentary system? Because the parliamentary system without a lot of dividends is not good for the people, and the people will not support it.
However, the prefecture and county system has a sample from the Han Dynasty, which pooled resources and allowed Chinese people to gain opportunities for advancement. Therefore, the Chinese people are willing to support the prefecture and county system, support the transformation of the Han Dynasty, and are willing to be Han people.
By the time of the imperial examinations in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, it was difficult for the feudal system to take advantage. In the final analysis, the feudal system was a compromise chosen by everyone in order to maintain their own interests. Everyone had clear obligations and rights. After completing their obligations, the people of the country were still the people of the country. Although they could not rise,
But at least it won't go down.
The imperial examination system gave Chinese people a chance to rise, so why did they support the feudal system? The feudal system was to prevent oneself from falling, but the county system made it possible to rise. It was clear which one to choose. The same is to fulfill one's obligations, or the county system
The benefits are greater.
Moreover, even nobles may not necessarily like enfeoffment. After all, after enfeoffment, although their status is stable, they cannot snatch resources from below. Without resources, nothing can be done.
Feudalism is a stable state. The king, the king, the ministers, the father, the son, the son, everyone completes their obligations and stays in their position. It will not rise, but at least it will not fall.
The parliamentary system is the favorite of the nobility, because the nobility can rob resources, both externally and internally. By robbing resources, they can create their own areas of advantage. The lives of the Chinese people will become more and more miserable, so they will