Then the Pope thought of a way to buy a friend of Bruno with a large amount of money, and then Bruno's friend used smooth words to lure him back to his country. On May 23, 1592, the Pope in Rome

Bruno was arrested and imprisoned in the prison of the Inquisition.

Although Bruno was imprisoned at this time, he still did not change his original intention. In his view, truth will eventually defeat evil. But at this time, many advanced people already believed that Bruno's views were correct.

Therefore, the church wanted Bruno to withdraw his views, because it would have a great impact on their church and even the world. Therefore, they used extremely cruel punishments on Bruno in prison in order to make him endure these inhuman pains.

Although these inhuman pains and tortures tortured Bruno until he was no longer human and his body was covered in blood, his noble and unyielding soul still did not let Bruno, the warrior, give in.

The church people knew that they could not make the warriors surrender, so they turned to inducements. They said to Bruno, as long as you publicly confess your sins and repent, we will arrange for you a high position that will be the envy of everyone, so that you can live in luxury.

The extremely lustful and extravagant life is even more aloof and admired by thousands of people. But Bruno said contemptuously: This just reflects the weakness and panic in your hearts! At this time, the bishop who tempted Bruno suddenly became angry from shame, and immediately

He shouted loudly: If you are stubborn, the only thing waiting for you is to be burned at the stake. But Bruno said very calmly: I will never give in before the truth.

But the bishop understood that although he was very angry at the moment, he still could not kill Bruno because the impact was too great. After all, many similar incidents had happened to the church before, causing the people to no longer hold the same view towards the church.

That kind of piety, so if we follow the previous method at this time, we can only announce to the whole world that their church has done something wrong again. This kind of thing must not happen, because once it happens, then it will be an admission that Bruno is right.

Yes, the consequence of this is that they will lose more believers, which is very detrimental to their church. What is even more frightening is that Bruno’s remarks are intended to subvert the concept of the entire world. This is definitely not a joke.

In the end, the people of the church tortured Bruno in prison for eight years, interrogating him constantly, and even tortured or induced him in various ways, but the warrior Bruno was just like what he said before.

, during these eight years of cruel torture by the church, he still insisted on the truth that he firmly believed in. He never backed down in the face of the truth.

Therefore, the people of the church had no other choice, and finally decided to burn Bruno to death even if it meant causing greater changes in the church world, even if their church would need to use force to control believers in the future, they would not hesitate.

His short but extremely glorious life ended in the sea of ​​fire above the square.

Although Bruno had been executed at this time, his dedication to science gained eternal life. Later, people erected a monument to the martyr of this scientist in the Flower Square, and Bruno will always live in the history of our mankind.

Although he did not enjoy the glory he deserved during his lifetime, it is undeniable that Bruno's spirit has indeed gained eternal life.

The above is what we know about the scientific world, and we also understand that the church at this time has reached its end. Because the times are progressing, even high-level officials, nobility and the church, or businessmen with ulterior motives cannot control it.

At this moment, even force cannot effectively control it. This is precisely the spiritual power of countless martyrs for the scientific community that shines on the earth and guides people to bravely move towards truth!

Next, let’s continue to understand the literary works of this era. In this era, due to the rapid and rapid progress of the great collapse in various fields, coupled with the glorious guidance of the martyrs, all fields have seen rapid and healthy progress. At present, we will

Get to know this figure in the literary world.

I believe everyone may have heard of this big man, his name is Shakespeare. Shakespeare's father was a yeoman farmer in his early years. He moved to Stratford Town in 1551 and opened a shop selling leather products and agricultural products.

In 1957, he married Mary Arden, the daughter of a local wealthy family, and gave birth to a total of eight children, five of whom survived. Shakespeare was the eldest. When Shakespeare was four years old, his father was elected as the head of the city hall and became the owner of the city hall.

The mayor of Stratford, a town with more than 2,000 residents and 20 hotels.

When Shakespeare was seven years old, he began to go to school, learning Latin, literature and rhetoric. In 1578, his father failed in business, so Shakespeare had to drop out of school and help his father with the business. Although at this time

Shakespeare had only read seven years of books, but he mastered a very rich knowledge of rhetoric, history and classical literature. When Shakespeare was eighteen years old, he married Ann Hathaway, the daughter of a wealthy farmer from a neighboring country, and they married three years later.

They had three children later. Shakespeare actually often regretted his own marriage. His wife was eight years older than him, and he believed that a woman should marry a man older than herself.

In 1586, Shakespeare came to London and worked as a groom at the entrance of a theater, serving the wealthy people who came to see the play on horseback. Shakespeare himself was agile and articulate. After work, he also quietly watched the stage performances.

He also insisted on self-taught literature, history, philosophy and other courses, and also studied Greek and Latin. Because Shakespeare is special, when the troupe needs actors, he will also play some supporting roles, but because

Shakespeare was indeed so good that he was absorbed into the troupe as a formal actor soon after.

At this time, the London theater company actually had a very urgent need for their own scripts. Because if a play is not liked by the audience, it will be stopped immediately and new plays will need to be staged. In fact, this is the case with the current London theater companies.

In fact, it is not difficult to understand the form of the play. Many rich people feel that the play being performed on the stage is not good, and then their troupe will change a new play to continue to perform. But where are there so many new plays? So at this time, Shakespeare

While learning acting skills, I also started writing some scripts.

When Shakespeare was twenty-seven years old, he wrote the "Henry VI" trilogy. This historical play showed his talent for the first time. After the play was staged, it was greatly welcomed by the audience.

At this point, this indirectly led to Shakespeare gradually gaining a firm foothold in the London theater world. In 1596, because Shakespeare was already very famous at this time, he enlisted the help of Henry Lou Cesley, Earl of Southampton.

, applied for and obtained the family coat of arms on behalf of his father, which led to Shakespeare's family becoming the local hereditary squire at this time, and he later purchased houses and real estate at home.

Then we analyzed carefully and found that Shakespeare wrote two long narrative poems, thirty-seven plays, one hundred and fifty-four sonnets and some miscellaneous poems in his lifetime. There are many representative works. We take the year 1600 as

In the world, Shakespeare's works are divided into early and late periods. The tone of the early period is optimistic. The nine historical dramas he wrote reflect the formation process of the British nation-state. They express their opposition to feudal separatism, support for the centralized autocratic monarchy system, and hope to realize an enlightened monarch.

The desire to rule. The tragedies and comedies of this period more reflected the ideals of humanism. With the theme of love conquering all, the tragedy "Romeo and Juliet" reflects love. "The Merchant of Venice" describes the old loan sharks and emerging industrial and commercial capitalists

contradiction between.

From 1601 to 1607, it was the most glorious period of Shakespeare's creation. Shakespeare's works during this period were mainly tragedies, reflecting the fierce class struggle in late feudal society. "Hamlet" is based on the story of Denmark in the 12th century.

The theme is a revenge story in history, which reveals the vendetta in the palace and believes that the whole world has become a prison. "King Lear" describes the contradiction between social justice and authority. Shakespeare's plays embody humanism everywhere.

His thoughts made him a representative figure of the British Renaissance. In addition to dramas, most of Shakespeare's sonnets were written to his ideal lover. In expressing love, he revealed his affirmation of life and demanded the liberation of personality.

Around 1610, Shakespeare returned to his hometown and began to enjoy the pastoral life and spend his remaining years. Let's briefly summarize it.

In fact, when Shakespeare became famous, he was far less respected than we are today. The playwrights at that time were all highly educated university elites. They were deeply disturbed that Shakespeare, who came from rural areas and had little education, suddenly became a star in the theater world.

Shame and company. In a letter to his colleagues, the famous playwright Green openly attacked Shakespeare as a crow who used our feathers to beautify himself and used an actor's coat to cover up his tiger and wolf nature.

Of course, he also insulted Shakespeare: He thinks he can compete with the best of you by writing a few lines of boastful blank verse. He is an out-and-out handyman, but he thinks he is the only one in England who can shake the stage.
Chapter completed!