First of all, the technological change that Britain refers to is the cotton textile industry. After Britain occupied India, a large amount of cheap Indian cotton was sold to Britain. In order to survive, British cotton textile factory owners began to think of ways to

Improve production technology and reduce costs. At this time, British weaving technology was very backward. The textile workers would throw the shuttle from left hand to right, and then throw the shuttle from right hand to left. They could not weave more than a few feet in a day.

Cloth. In 1733, an engineer named Kay invented the flying shuttle. With a pull of a rope, the shuttle flew quickly, and the speed of weaving was increased many times.

The technology of weaving has improved, but the spinning speed is still the same. The supply of cotton yarn is suddenly in short supply, and there is a shortage of cotton yarn in the British weaving field. So far, the British Art and Industrial Award Association has used very high

To reward the person who invented a new type of spinning machine. Under this heavy reward, a weaver named Hargreave accidentally discovered that his wife Jenny accidentally knocked over the hand-operated spinning wheel to the ground, but the spinning wheel still could not spin.

Stop. Hargreev was greatly inspired. He thought, since the spinning wheel has such great power, why not let it carry more spindles? So he designed a spinning wheel that could drive eight spindles at the same time, and the spinning efficiency suddenly increased.

It increased eight times. He attributed this invention to his wife Jenny, so he named the spinning wheel Jenny Spinning Machine. Later, after improvements, Jenny Spinning Machine can spin eighty to one hundred and thirty

However, the spinning jenny was manually operated and very labor-intensive. So in 1769, Kay invented the water-powered spinning machine.

The technological revolution in the cotton textile industry has also promoted the development of other industries, the most important of which are the technological reforms in the transportation, steel, mining and machine manufacturing sectors.

Since the water-powered spinning machine had to be built in a place with water, it was subject to geographical and climate restrictions, which created conditions for the steam engine invented by Watt. Watt improved the steam engine based on summarizing the success of previous scientific research, and soon

It was quickly put into use. In 1784, Britain built the world's first steam engine textile factory. The invention of the steam engine was an epoch-making achievement in the history of human science. From then on, capitalist industry began to develop rapidly.

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Before the mid-eighteenth century, the fuel for British iron-making was mainly charcoal, which consumed a lot of firewood and the iron-making industry was greatly restricted. By 1784, engineer Cote invented a method that used coal as fuel.

The coal-iron furnace increased the iron-making industry fifteen times. In 1785, Britain established the first modern iron-making plant in human history, and the British modern steel industry was established.

The development of the iron-making industry promoted the development of the mining industry, and steam engines were also widely used in the mining industry. In 1815, Wiener invented the safety lamp, which greatly reduced the risk of underground gas explosions and greatly reduced coal production.

Increase.

The development of industry began to promote the development of the transportation industry. In 1807, Fulton invented the steamship. In 1840, Stephenson invented the train, and a frenzy of railway construction began in the UK. By 185

In Year 0, Britain had built thousands of kilometers of railways.

The Industrial Revolution enabled the United Kingdom to gain the title of the world's factory and become the world's number one power, strengthening their maritime dominance. The United Kingdom relied on their strong strength to step up colonial expansion and seize a large amount of benefits.

Later, the Industrial Revolution spread from Britain to the European continent, and to North America in the 19th century, promoting the development of productive forces in these regions and helping the emerging bourgeoisie here to fight against feudal forces and seize power. But at the same time, Western capitalism

With its powerful power, the country invaded and expanded everywhere, bringing serious disasters to the people of Asia, Africa, and Latin America.

Even though we have a general understanding of the development of this industrial revolution, many big figures also appeared during this period. I would also like to talk to you about it. First of all, I am a book writer, and I prefer literature, so let’s start with

Let’s take a look at the great figure in literature, known as the sun of Russian literature, Pushkin.

Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin, he is a great Russian poet, the founder of modern Russian literature, also known as the father of Russian literature, and even the sun of Russian literature. In 1799, Pushkin was born

He came from an aristocratic family in Moscow. His father had a large collection of books, and his uncle was a famous poet, so there were often some Russian cultural celebrities visiting the family. Pushkin grew up in this strong cultural atmosphere. His

The nanny often told him Russian folk tales, and little Pushkin was fascinated by them. Coupled with the very affluent family conditions, this provided Pushkin with a good education. Pushkin began to learn French from his family teacher when he was very young.

, he learned to write poetry at the age of seven or eight and could speak French fluently. When he was not in class, Pushkin would spend time in the library at home, reading his father's books without eating or sleeping.

When Pushkin was twelve years old, he entered school in St. Petersburg. Here, he accepted a lot of liberal ideas from progressive teachers and read a lot of works from the Enlightenment period. In 1812, Napoleon invaded Russia.

, the Great Patriotic War broke out, and the fighting spirit of the Russian people, who regarded death as home, deeply shocked Pushkin. With great excitement, he wrote many patriotic poems. At this time, Pushkin was already a well-known person both inside and outside the school.

He was a poet who was highly regarded by famous Russian writers Derchavin, Zhukovsky and others during this period.

In 1817, the eighteen-year-old Pushkin graduated from school and entered the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. During this period, Pushkin's political and cultural life were very active. He wrote a large number of poems praising freedom and made many friends.

Pushkin, a Decembrist, also wrote many poems that satirized the tsarist autocracy, which were very popular among people. People rushed to circulate, copy and recite them. Unexpectedly, these poems reached the palace, which greatly angered the tsar. So Pushkin

He was transferred to southern Russia as an official. In fact, this was just a disguised form of exile imposed on him by the Tsar.

In the south, Pushkin visited the towering Caucasus Mountains and came to the vast Black Sea coast. He came into contact with a large number of working people and saw their suffering with his own eyes. This also greatly inspired his creative enthusiasm. During this period, Pushkin created

A large number of lyric poems and long poems were written here. The famous long poem "Gypsy Ridge" was written here.

In December 1825, the Decembrists launched an uprising in St. Petersburg in an attempt to overthrow the Tsar's rule. The result was an unfortunate failure, and many people were exiled to Siberia. The Tsar raised a butcher knife to massacre the Decembrists,

On the other hand, he pretended to win over Pushkin, who was close to the Decembrists, and called him to St. Petersburg. The Tsar asked Pushkin: If you were in St. Petersburg, would you join the rebellion with the Decembrists?

Yes! Your Majesty, I will! Pushkin firmly answered the Tsar's question. The Tsar was very angry after hearing this, and ordered people to secretly monitor Pushkin and often open his letters.

Pushkin met Maria at a party at a friend's house. Her husband was exiled to Siberia for participating in the Decembrist uprising. Maria was determined to give up the comfortable life in St. Petersburg and go to Siberia to spend the hard years with his lover.

Pushkin was deeply moved. When he returned home, he wrote the famous poem "To the Prisoners of Siberia": The heavy shackles will fall, the dark cage will open, freedom will welcome you at the door, and the brothers will send you the sharp sword.

In your hands! Pushkin gave this poem to Maria, asking her to bring it to the Decembrists in Siberia to give them encouragement and strength.

The Tsar saw that Pushkin's wife, Natalia, was very beautiful, and he became obsessed with it. He made Pushkin a valet in the palace, so that he could often let Pushkin and his wife attend palace dances. In order to achieve his ulterior purpose

, the Tsar encouraged Dantes, a Frenchman who was exiled to Russia, to pester Natalia all day long and ask him to slander Pushkin.

One day Pushkin received an anonymous letter insulting him. This letter was also sent to several of his friends. Pushkin was furious and decided to go to Dantes for a duel.

On January 27, 1837, Pushkin and Dantes started a duel on the outskirts of St. Petersburg. A man drew a line on the ground, and both of them left the line ten steps away. Dantes started first.

The gun shot Pushkin in the abdomen. Pushkin suddenly bled profusely and fell to the ground. He gritted his teeth and fired a shot at Dantes, but unfortunately it only hit Dantes' right hand. Pushkin lost blood.

Many, unconscious, friends hurriedly sent him home. Pushkin died two days later at the age of thirty-eight. Pushkin's body was transported from St. Petersburg to the village of Miylovsky where he had previously lived in exile, and was buried in

The Holy Mountain, today we call this place Pushkin Mountain, was buried in the cemetery of the church here, also next to his mother's tomb.

We got to know people in literature, and then we got to know a very famous figure. In fact, when it comes to this figure, I feel that almost everyone in the world knows it, and it is definitely better than Pushkin, a figure in literature.

He is much more famous. Who is this person? In fact, in our era today, there have been many branches in music, but let’s not worry about how many branches there are in music. In short, there is a representative person in music. This person is

Who? It’s the music saint, Beethoven!

Now everyone knows who he is, right? Beethoven. I remember knowing his existence since I was a child. I can’t quite remember if he is in our primary school textbooks in China, right? Because I am older now, and my memory system seems to
Chapter completed!