Fei Qian deliberately held this "meeting" not at Pingyang Marquis Mansion, but at Shoushan Academy. Naturally, he had his considerations in mind. Although Pingyang Marquis Mansion is Fei Qian's home court, it is official
The taste is a bit too strong, and Moriyama Academy has had the flavor of an academic pioneer from the very beginning.
Whether it is the study of scriptures that was launched first, or the attempt at the imperial examination in the palace, it can be said that it is a typical example of a small boat that can easily turn around.
Fei Qian wanted to elaborate and expand the new theory at this stage, and it was obvious that Shoushan Academy would be more suitable than Qinglong Temple. After all, Shoushan Academy would be purer. Although Qinglong Temple is larger, it is also due to its scale.
If it is too big, there will be more mixed people, and the thoughts will become more complicated and difficult to grasp.
Starting from the end of the Spring and Autumn Period and the beginning of the Warring States Period, because the system of the Zhou Dynasty had "collapsed", a hundred schools of thought contended. On the one hand, the purpose was to bring salt to the princes of their own country, and on the other hand, it was to explore what direction the country should take after the Zhou system.
Go up and walk.
And obviously, Qin won in the end.
The victory of the Qin State also led to the "Hundred Schools of Thought Contention" during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, which eventually became the "Yi Ming". China's centralized unified system became a proven and powerful national system.
The subsequent Han and Tang dynasties implemented this national system line until the Tang Dynasty, when it expanded to the peak of the cold weapon era of the classical feudal dynasty.
Please note that the cavalry of the Tang Dynasty was at its peak. It almost swept across the desert, shocked the frontiers, and slaughtered foreign countries in a matter of seconds. However, it was obvious that due to technical limitations, inconvenient transportation, and the inability of the system to keep up, etc.
, the centralized system of power was forced to be changed into a system of local military government responsibility, and the large-scale Jiedu Mansion also made it possible from the middle and late Tang Dynasty to the Song and Ming Dynasties. The suppression of military generals by civilian officials became the only means to ensure the stability of imperial power, which eventually led to
In the late Ming Dynasty, the immune system that was supposed to defend against foreign enemies completely became a breeding ground for bacterial invasion.
Similarly, it can also be clearly seen that since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the number of people studying the national system has actually been continuously shrinking, and the flourishing of a hundred schools of thought has ceased. The main reason is still that after the unification, Confucianism became the core school of thought
, and Confucianism’s suppressive power over other schools of thought is also demonstrated in academic circles.
Everything naturally has its pros and cons.
Under the unified, centralized imperial power system and academic clan system of the feudal dynasty, the feudal dynasty in ancient China could be stable for hundreds of years after the founding of the country, but it was also because its system only represented the interests of a very small minority of the ruling class and ignored the grassroots.
The demands of the people eventually led to the annihilation of feudal dynasties generation after generation.
Of course, putting aside productivity and production relations and simply talking about castles in the air is obviously a hooliganism, but equally, if you completely ignore the life and death of the grassroots people and only think about adjustments and reforms within the ruling class, and the transfer of interests, the constitutional farce of the late Qing Dynasty
That's the best example.
China is not without smart people.
Just like Confucius, during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, he was definitely the leading figure among hundreds of schools of thought. That tiankeng forehead that seemed to have been hit by God definitely shone with the light of wisdom that ordinary people could not match.
But what about a hundred years later?
What about a thousand years?
Did the ancients not understand this?
Obviously not.
But the question is, besides the "divine right of kings", what "magic weapon" do they have to maintain the "rationality" of their rule?
Naturally, they are gritting their teeth. It is absolutely impossible to admit that the untouchables are the foundation of the country. They can only blindly emphasize that the elite is the future of the country...
And if you want to break this shackles, a head-on dispute will obviously not work.
It can only be done subtly and boiling the frog in warm water.
"There is no better way to make money than to give birth to people. In my country, there is no one who is burdened by the population, for fear that people will not be born."
Fei Qian said slowly.
In this era, there is no need for such childbirth.
In an era when the survival rate of infants and young children is extremely low, there is nothing more joyful than having a new baby.
"Those who made laws in the past, so those who made the country use it, must take into account the number of people. The people are born from the land; the people who give the land are people. Therefore, the former kings respected their roots and despised them.
At the end of the day, we should focus on the big ones and not blame the small ones. Therefore, since there are many people, the country will have abundant uses."
"This is not the case today. Scholars, farmers, industry and merchants have all lost something, and the people of the world cannot find their peace. As a result, people are displaced, and the number of people born is few, and the country's resources are insufficient."
"A benevolent person uses wealth to make a fortune, and an unkind person makes a fortune with his body. A benevolent person uses wealth to make a living for the people, and an unkind person makes money by plundering the people. The country must not be careless. If the system is appropriate, the people's livelihood will be stable. If the system is not appropriate, then as Confucius exclaimed, violent
Yu Huye.』
"The system of a country cannot be achieved overnight. It must be based on the situation and the situation, and implement appropriate measures according to the customs. Therefore, the ancient sage kings were able to rejuvenate the country because they knew it. They made it consistent with the way of heaven and earth and the hearts of the people, and then it can last for a long time.
.』
"I believe that the best way to govern a country is to nourish the people."
"The people are scholars, farmers, industry and merchants. They are impartial, impartial, neither heavy nor tilted. Only then can they be like the four pillars of the sky, making the country stable and the wilderness peaceful."
"Therefore, when the number of people is high, the way to do things for common people must be done rightly; to divide the fields, to order tributes, to make crops and use them, to make food and salary, to set up field services, and to build the army. The country will use them.
To build a code, to establish a family system, to use the five rites to repair, and to use the nine punishments to measure, it is only to judge the number of people!"
"Do you think so?"
Fei Qian nodded and added, "This is the Shoushan Mingtang. It is a matter of judging superiority and inferiority. It has nothing to do with your position. You can speak freely and you will not be guilty of any crime with your speech."
Discussions about population actually occurred in every dynasty.
The Spring and Autumn Period mostly encouraged population growth.
Confucianism and the Huang family are all like this.
But there are also people with different concepts. For example, Shang Yang rationally saw the contradiction between population and land, emphasizing the contrast between people and land. Moreover, this guy also paid special attention to population surveys. It can be said that he was the first person in history to organize a nationwide population survey.
First person.
Then, based on Shang Yang's work, Han Feizi further regarded the contradiction between population and land as the source of "people's struggle", saying that "it is not too many for people to have five sons today, and there are five sons, and the father is alive before he dies."
Twenty-five grandsons. Because the people have few goods and little wealth, they work hard and have little support, so the people fight, and although they are rewarded and punished multiple times, they are not immune to chaos."
Then Han Feizi only had opinions but no suggestions. He was worried about "people's strife" and said that "despite multiple rewards and punishments, chaos will not be avoided." However, on the other hand, he advocated using the legal system to stop "people's strife".
In the Tang Dynasty, Han Yu, who was the head of the Eight Great Masters of the Tang and Song Dynasties, stated that population was closely related to the theory of mutual support. Han Yu believed that people's material life was not self-sufficient, but relied on mutual support.
, if someone cannot use his own labor to provide the products and services needed by others, he is of no benefit to society.
Based on this theoretical basis, Han Yu further divided the population from the original "four people" into "six people" according to their occupations, and believed that agriculture, industry, and business people supported each other and were needed by society. Then
Scholars are those who govern people, and it is natural for them to be supported by others. They are also people who are beneficial to society. The so-called monks and Taoists do not engage in economic activities such as agriculture, industry, and commerce, but need to be supported by agriculture, industry, and commerce. They are essentially a surplus population...
…
From a certain perspective, has it been true that since the Tang Dynasty of Han Yu, there has been a sense of "elite" governance?
Do we bring salt to our class? Do we all need to have enough food? What’s the problem?
But if China really wants to be strong, can it rely on a single class?
Especially the so-called "elite" class?
It’s freezing cold and the water is indeed too cold, but my scalp can still be cooled off. Is this a contradiction?
What is a "scholar"?
That is the transformation of "earth"!
Of course, there are not without "scholars" with outstanding vision. For example, Ma Duanlin in the Yuan Dynasty was the first person in Chinese history to clearly raise the issue of population quality and discuss its important economic significance. He said, "In ancient times, people with few household registrations were
They are all intelligent people, but the population of later generations will be more and more lazy. Jun is also a person. In ancient times, if a person was a scholar, he would study Taoism; if he was a farmer, he would work hard at farming; if he was a soldier, he would
A good battle formation will always turn to the desired direction. Therefore, a country thousands of miles away, with thousands of families gathered together, can defend its country and its people. If the people are popular, the country will be strong, and if the people are few, the country will be weak.
Those who stand with you are the people."
Although Ma Duanlin's words may not be without using the topic to express the depression in his heart, it is also an important progress in the development process of the Chinese population's ideological development. It requires both quantity and quality. Otherwise, those idiots who talk nonsense all day long are also important.
No matter how many scholars there are, what good will they do?
Everyone in the audience heard that Fei Qian said that speakers are not guilty, but when it was obvious that he wanted to use this theory to rectify his name, it was obviously not a good idea to jump out and fight against Fei Qian, so even if Fei Qian let everyone
He spoke freely, but there was still silence.
Fei Qian looked at Zhongjie.
Zhongjie coughed lightly, then raised his hands and said, "There are a hundred acres of land, and the produce is enough to feed ten people. Now there are five people, and the national policy has changed, and it is enough to feed these five people. If the number of people increases by twenty,
However, the output of the fields is only enough to support fifteen people. Even if there are talents in the world, they will not escape the suffering of famine, and they may even starve to death in the fields. Although there are techniques to increase the fields, the techniques to increase the fields are limited, but the increase of people is boundless. The increase of the people
So I am happy, but the land is not a desire. If the land is not inherited, what can be done?"
Fei Qian nodded, "What the Great Sacrificial Wine said is true."
"Looking at agriculture alone, the number of acres is limited, and the number of people is increasing. It is impossible to support the sudden increase in the number of people with the limited output of acres."
"Since this question exists, it should be answered."
"Then, who can explain it?" Fei Qian looked around and said with a gentle smile, "But let the farmers solve it themselves? The yield per mu is fixed, and the increase in years is calculated verbally. Therefore, if the people hide their lives, their babies will die young, so as not to calculate it verbally."
"The plight of the peasants can be solved by becoming a scholar." Fei Qian said categorically, "But what about the scholars in Shandong today? They only know tax service."
Taxation in the Han Dynasty was rough, and it can even be said that even in later generations, the tax system was still unsatisfactory. It was supposed to be a tax for social adjustment and for the people, but the result? The richer the people, the more they evade taxes.
The poorer the money, the more taxes are passed on in every link.
For example, there is a blueberry tax, marshmallow tax, bread cutting tax, hot soup tax, pumpkin carving tax...
As for other countries, well, cough cough...
"In order to calculate taxes, there must be strict rules. The officials are trying to get rid of them, and the squires are cleverly stealing the people's fat." Fei Qian said, "If the land is not enough to support people, it is because the government is not enough to support the people. Therefore, there are many resentments among the people, and it is difficult to implement the laws."
Those who look down upon those above are contemptuous, and those who look upon those below are despicable."
"Therefore, the thieves in Shandong drive the people to death and use war to reduce their reputation. This is the technique of exterminating households, just like the current difficulty in Hedong."
"It is often said that the great righteousness is the most important thing to the people. However, if one treats his government very harshly, wouldn't he really regard it as grass and grass? If the government fails to do so, the people's resentment will boil, and the country will be ruined. Therefore, a gentleman should stick to his foundation and stand on his foundation.
And Tao Sheng
"If there are thieves today who harm the people by being harsh in government, they will be eliminated from the emperor, from the Han, and from the world!"
That's right, Fei Qian doesn't want to use the old-fashioned names of "clearing the emperor, saving the people, and helping the world" to fight the war, nor does he want the fight between himself and his classmate Lao Cao to become a intrigue between the princes.
Competing in a so-called circle.
In the early days of Feiqian, it didn't matter if you shouted these slogans, because everyone was shouting that at that time. If Feiqian shouted a slogan about why it serves, it might scare a lot of people on the spot...
But it's different now.
Obviously, Fei Qian needs to propose a direction that is completely different from that of Shandong. However, Fei Qian cannot use the righteous ideas shouted by people in Shandong. Even if he uses it reluctantly, it has no meaning.
Although everyone has reached a consensus on the unjust war in the Spring and Autumn Period, we cannot just say that we know it is "unjust" and pretend to be "righteous" to show it on our faces.
Just like what Fei Qian said, it is obviously wrong to simply point all the conflicts of the feudal dynasty to the land.
People and the land are themselves an intertwined community.
Therefore, the population issue is not a single independent social issue, but a complex issue integrated with resources, environment, economic development, cultural traditions, etc.
Underpopulation or overpopulation will have adverse effects on the country and society.
A country should have an ideal population density and a moderate population size that are compatible with its land and natural resource endowments, knowledge and technology application level, industrial and agricultural production capacity, and the ability to support the people.
It belongs to a dynamically changing category.
Since it is a dynamically changing category, it naturally requires a suitable national system to regulate and intervene.
A rigid policy that always adheres to the ancestral law is obviously not a good thing.
Under this, the advantages and disadvantages of national systems and the differences in laws are reflected.
During the three to four hundred years of the Han Dynasty, didn't the emperor and ministers know that there were problems with government decrees, taxation laws, etc.?
I know, but since the people have not yet reached the point of making a fuss, there is no need to amend the law. If it is not possible, just pull the three princes out to apologize, say "Moses dig it up" and immediately sein, then it will be settled.
?
Indeed, as long as the people at the bottom can survive, they will never risk their lives to launch a peasant uprising. Therefore, the relatively slow response of the ruling class is understandable. Anyway, as long as the last step is not reached, the ruling class will probably
I still feel that I can continue to make the people suffer and endure it for a while.
However, the overall social development of China is fundamentally driven by the broad masses of China, rather than determined by careerists. The so-called "the current situation creates heroes", the current situation is public opinion, and the source of public opinion is the people at the bottom.
Those things you desire, those needs.
In other words, the living conditions of the people at the lowest level ultimately determine whether the entire society is stable. When people at the grassroots level have difficulty surviving, the entire country will naturally be unstable and unstable. This is why the capitalist countries of later generations will
If there is any problem, it is the reason why welfare coupons are immediately issued to the people at the bottom and similar related measures.
This is the natural nature of human beings hidden under social nature.
After all, in the Chinese feudal dynasty, the population can be divided relatively simply into the grassroots class and the ruling class.
When population growth is suppressed by the environment, the grassroots class is first and most severely suppressed. The ruling class is often not affected much because it has abundant means of production and living. This makes the tongzhi class
The proportion of people in the total population has suddenly increased, and in order to maintain at least the previous standard of living, the ruling class will find ways to increase taxes, and the tax burden on the grassroots will increase.
Since China has been shouting about people-oriented, benevolence, justice and morality since the Spring and Autumn Period, isn't this moment an opportunity to put these long-awaited "justices" into practice?
Even though Fei Qian knew in his heart that the shelf life of this kind of "justice" could not be determined, it was still better than nothing.
After Zhongjie Linghu Hui and others made inquiries and compliments intentionally or unintentionally, Fei Qian came to his final conclusion...
"The industry of the four peoples is the cornerstone of the country. Scholars build their lives through hard study, farmers use crops to support their lives, workers use skills to make tools, and merchants use currency to get rich. The four perform their duties, support each other, and help the great man.
Prosperity."
"Scholars are the pillars of the country. They should study clearly and understand principles, cultivate their moral integrity, manage their families, and govern the country and bring peace to the world. They are not just Confucian scholars, but should put their talents into practical use. Therefore, scholars must study hard to prepare for the needs of the court, society and the country."
"Farmers are the foundation of the country. Food is the foundation of man and nature, and agriculture is the foundation of food. Sowing in spring and harvesting in autumn, working in summer and storing in winter, every grain is hard work. Farmers work diligently in the fields, making the barns solid and the people's hearts at ease, and the country's destiny will be long-lasting."
"Workers are the ingenuity of a country. They are ingenuity and have exquisite skills. They forge iron for soldiers, build earth for cities, and build boats and carts to facilitate transportation. The skills of workers not only provide convenience for the people's livelihood, but also strengthen the bones and muscles of the country."
"Businessmen are the blood of the country. Businessmen are honest and fair. Business travels, goods flow, and wealth gathers. The way of businessmen can make everything in the four directions get their own places, and also make the country rich and the blood flow."
"Each of the four peoples has their own strengths and specialties. Times change, things change and things change. The four peoples should also change at any time and respond to the situation. Therefore, the four peoples are divided into different responsibilities and are not superior or inferior.
There is no distinction between high and low. The talents of the children are selected, the talents of the children are used, the people are benefited by their positions, and the country is prosperous with their abilities. Therefore, those who become officials should draw on the strengths of the four people, understand the duties of the four people, and use the four people's duties.
The rule of the people is to nourish the lives of the four people, so as to prosper the country and benefit the people."
Everyone had different expressions, including those who were pleased, those who admired, those who were doubtful, and those who were hesitant. Similarly, there were also those who lowered their heads as if they did not want others to see their expressions.
Fei Qian paused for a moment, then continued:
"In the past, in the days of Yao, Shun, Yu and Tang, morality was evident and benevolent government prevailed. Those who were in charge of government established themselves according to the Tao, governed the country with virtue, adhered to their original intentions, and were not swayed by the world. Therefore, within the four seas, the weather was smooth, and all the people lived and worked in peace and contentment.
Peaceful and harmonious.』
"Therefore, when you are in power, you should guard the mountain. The mountain is the seat of good nature and the foundation of heavenly principles. Those who hold this heart can rectify themselves, transform people, stabilize the country, and bring peace to the people."
"Government should be a thoroughfare. A thoroughfare leads to the coming and going of the world and the direction of the eight wastelands. Those who hold this intention will see wherever their heart goes. The Han Dynasty is the frontier, and the natural chasm turns into a thoroughfare, and it is as steep as a flat river!"
"Government should be based on the Tao. Those with the Tao will not be motivated by the desire for profit, and will not be tempted by power. Those who uphold this Tao will be selfless, fair and upright, inherit the past and start the future, and create lasting achievements!"
"However, there is a way to guard the mountain thoroughfares. It is not a day's work, nor is it the effort of one person. It requires the encouragement and concerted efforts of all the kings to achieve this state of peace and harmony in the world. In this way, the states and counties will be peaceful, the people will be happy, and the world will be one family.
Lucky man!』
"Today there are thieves who have lost their mountains, cut off their thoroughfares, and disrupted their roads! They drive the people away like dolphins and dogs, and trap the country like a child's play! There is no system to unify the four peoples internally, and there is no way to control the troops and barbarians externally! I only know that greed for the people's wealth is miserable.
Conscripting civilian service and occupying high positions to harm the country! This is the calamity of the Han Dynasty!"
"A body of misfortunes and blessings are reflected in the hair, and eternal honors and honors can be fought for in an instant! It should be noted that there are general principles of good and bad, and they can be named for thousands of years! This is the time to defeat thieves and rebels, eradicate bad governance, establish the Han system, establish the country, and pacify the world.
!』
"Publish the notice throughout the country, and the envoys will hear about it!"
