Among official kiln porcelain, especially imperial kiln porcelain, the most obvious symbol is definitely the year of the emperor in each era.
For example, there were ten emperors in the Qing Dynasty, and porcelain of the emperor's year has been handed down from generation to generation.
They are: Shunzhi, Kangxi, Yongzheng, Qianlong, Jiaqing, Daoguang, Xianfeng, Tongzhi, Guangxu and Xuantong.
Shunzhi official kiln wares are mainly written with two lines of six-character regular script blue and white inscriptions "Shunzhi Year of the Qing Dynasty", and there are also four-character inscriptions of "Shunzhi Year".
The writing style is strong, with peaks visible when the strokes are started, pauses when the strokes are held, many strokes are drawn downwards, and strokes are drawn upwards, but the overall layout is not very regular.
There are many types of folk kiln models, including the famous seal script hall models.
For example, "Yutang Jiawu", "Jishantang", "Zisangxuan", etc., there are all kinds of monograms and fake entrustments.
Sacrificial vessels are often marked with stems and branches to mark the year.
The Kangxi Dynasty lasted for 61 years and had many distinctions.
Most of the official kiln inscriptions are in "Kangxi Year of the Qing Dynasty" six-character, two- or three-line blue and white regular script inscriptions, with a small number of seal script inscriptions in the later period.
In the early days, the stems and branches were commonly used to record the year, such as "Kangxi Xinhai Zhonghetang System" and so on.
Chen Wenzhe saw a pair of Kangxi blue and white cups, signed "Made in the Dingwei Year of the Qing Dynasty", which were made in the sixth year of Kangxi's reign.
On the enamel vessel, there is a four-character regular script inscription "Made by Kangxi Emperor" written on it.
The font is wide in the early stage, the strokes are thick and straight, and the pauses are obvious.
Later, the fonts were clear and elegant, and there were subtle differences in the specific writing methods.
For example: the four points of the character "Xi" are mostly straight points or straight points, and less reverse points.
The word "year" has three horizontal lines. The first two horizontal lines are shorter, the third horizontal line is longer, and it is close to the top, and the third vertical line is longer.
The outer decoration of the characters includes single circle, double circle, double square frame, etc.
Kangxi folk kiln inscriptions are more diverse, with pictures and inscriptions.
Such as autumn leaves, horns, jue, fangsheng, miscellaneous treasures, and allegorical pictures.
For example, a pen, a silver ingot, the combination of Ruyi is Bi (pen), Ding (Ingot), Ruyi, etc.
Private funds such as "Xinglin Spring Banquet", "Beiqing Hall", "Yiyou Hall", "Ruoshen Collection", etc.
There are double circles with light and double circles without writing.
There are also leisure chapters such as "article mountain fighting".
They are imitations of the sustenance money of the previous dynasty, most of which are imitations of the Jiajing money.
Yongzheng official kiln models are mainly "Yongzheng Year System of the Qing Dynasty" six-character two-line regular script blue and white double-circle model, and there are also double-frame models.
Secondly, there are three-line and six-character seal scripts mostly used on single-color glazed porcelain.
Analyzing the fonts, the Yongzheng inscription was inscribed by a special person, so the fonts on all types of porcelain are roughly the same.
In the early period of regular script, there were three lines and double circles, and in the later period, there were two lines, double circles or double frames.
The four-character seal script inscription "Yongzheng Year System" is mainly used on imitations, furnaces, tea powder and other utensils.
The four-character regular script mark "Yongzheng Year System" or "Yongzheng Imperial System" is only used for enamel colored porcelain.
Most of the folk kiln wares from Yongzheng Xilu are in various styles.
Such as "Zhengyi Bookstore", "Baiyi Shanfang", "Danning Hall", "Wangyin Pavilion", etc.
Generally, the styles of folk kiln wares are complex and diverse, such as Ganoderma lucidum, incense burner, Tuanhua style, Square style, Dried tofu style, Four-flower style, etc.
The output of porcelain during the Qianlong Dynasty was very large, and the most commonly used official kiln mark was the three-line, six-character seal script mark "Qianlong Year System of the Qing Dynasty".
The inscriptions are generally written in blue and white, but there are also inscriptions written in red.
On white porcelain, tea powder, coral red and other special utensils, the six characters and three lines of "Made in the Qianlong Year of the Qing Dynasty" are often engraved.
The styles of Qianlong folk kiln inscriptions are also very rich. The hall-name inscriptions and monogram inscriptions are generally the same as those in the official dynasty, so it is difficult to identify them.
It should be noted here that cursive payment appeared for the first time in the Qianlong Dynasty.
The Qianlong Dynasty style has the most fonts and the most writing arrangements, and the fonts of the official and private kiln styles are easy to confuse.
Generally speaking, official funds are more refined, elegant, detailed and smooth than civilian funds.
Most of the folk kiln models are rough and sloppy, and some imitate Xuande and Chenghua models.
Jiaqing official kiln wares generally use the three-line, six-character seal script inscription "Jiaqing Year System of the Qing Dynasty", mainly blue and white, without frames.
There are also a small number of regular script inscriptions. The red inscriptions are commonly seen on pastel ware. Some of the utensils have engraved inscriptions.
Among the folk kiln wares, there are six-character seal script inscriptions, and there are also four-character inscriptions "Jiaqing Year System".
Most of them are very careless, and some only write half of the characters and omit strokes, which is called cursive writing, so it is very difficult to read.
The most common names of the hall are "Xingyouhengtang", "Jiayintangzhi", "Zhibentang", etc.
During this period, new symbols such as bats and peaches appeared.
Daoguang official kiln wares are generally based on the six-character three-line seal script blue and white pattern of the "Daoguang Year System of the Qing Dynasty", and there are also red-painted and gold-painted patterns.
Tea powder, furnace glaze and other utensils are engraved with six characters.
On some pastel vessels, one can occasionally see the four-character "Daoguang Year System" in gold and seal script on a red background.
During the Daoguang period, most of the products with Tang name inscriptions such as "Tuisitang Zhi" and "Shan Jie Bamboo Master Made" were fine products.
Shende Hall was the place where Emperor Daoguang studied, and later became the place where Emperor Daoguang handled government affairs.
The Daoguang Dynasty porcelain with the red inscription "Made by Shendetang" should be the royal porcelain of Emperor Daoguang.
Most of the folk kiln vessels have six-character or four-character year inscriptions, which are generally not very regular. Hundred-knot diagrams are beginning to appear.
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During the Xianfeng and subsequent dynasties of Tongzhi, Guangxu, and Xuantong, regular script inscriptions became popular again.
During this period, most of them were six-character double lines or six-character three lines "made in the Qing Dynasty in XX year".
There are no circles on the outside of the models, the fonts are neat, elegant and slender, and they are available in blue and white, red, gold, ink and engraved styles.
There were not many seal scripts in this period, among which the official kiln wares signed "Daya Zhai", "Heaven and Earth Family Spring", "Changchun Tongqing", and "Yongqing Changchun" in Guangxu period are the most exquisite.
The folk kiln models are mostly uncustomized and come in many forms. During the Tongzhi period, there were often four-character seal script stamps of "Tongzhi Year System" and red ones.
During the Guangxu period, there were many fake entrustments, usually "Made in the Kangxi Year" or "Ruo Shen Zhen".
This is the imperial kiln porcelain of the past dynasties, and we are talking about the official kilns of the Northern Song Dynasty.
Among the porcelain kilns of the Song Dynasty, the five most famous kilns are Ru, Guan, Jun, Ge and Ding.
Ru Kiln was an official kiln established during the reign of Song Huizong in the late Northern Song Dynasty, less than 20 years ago.
Chen Wenzhe has made many imitations of this Ru Kiln porcelain, so I won’t go into details here.
However, there are less than a hundred pieces of Ru kiln works handed down from generation to generation, so they are very precious.
Ding kiln needs special attention first, because it is one of the "Five Famous Kilns" in the Song Dynasty, and it is also a private kiln.
The Ding kiln was first built in the Tang Dynasty, flourished in the Northern Song Dynasty, and ended in the Yuan Dynasty. It took nearly 700 years to fire.
The kiln sites are distributed in Cijian, Yanchuan and Lingshan villages and towns in Quyang County, Hebei Province. This area belonged to Dingzhou in the Tang Dynasty, so it was called Ding kiln.
Ding kiln mainly fires white porcelain. The porcelain is delicate, thin and shiny, and the glaze is as moist as jade.
Black glaze and sauce glaze are called "Hei Ding" and "Zi Ding". They are also unique, exquisitely made and elegant in shape.
There are various patterns, including scratches carved with a knife, embroidery made with needles, "bamboo silk brush patterns", "tear marks" and so on.
Among the unearthed Ding kiln porcelain pieces, it was found that the words "official" and "shangshiju" were engraved on them.
This shows that some of the products of Ding kiln were fired for the government and the palace.
As mentioned before, Jun kiln is divided into official Jun kiln and civilian Jun kiln.
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