Among the imperial kilns, the Jun kiln, also known as the Guan Jun kiln, was the second official kiln built during the reign of Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty after the Ru kiln. It specialized in firing various royal porcelains.
Special reminder: Jun kiln porcelain was mainly used for the "Hua Shi Gang" in the late Northern Song Dynasty, and flower pots were the most outstanding.
Many modern people should know what Hua Shi Gang is about, because of the propaganda of Water Margin.
It can be compared with strange stones and so on. You can imagine the exquisiteness of this kind of artificially fired porcelain.
This is Jun Kiln, any one of the five famous kilns is well-deserved.
And then there is the Ge Kiln. The Ge Kiln was one of the five famous kilns in the south during the Song Dynasty. The exact kiln site has not yet been discovered.
According to historical legend, brothers Zhang Shengyi and Zhang Sheng each built a kiln in Longquan County, Liangzhe Road.
The kiln built by the elder brother is called "Ge Kiln", and the kiln built by the younger brother is called "Di Kiln", also known as Zhang Kiln and Longquan Kiln.
Some experts believe that the Ge Kiln porcelain handed down from the palace collection was actually fired in the Xiuneisi Official Kiln during the Southern Song Dynasty.
The main characteristic of Ge Kiln is that the glaze surface has large and small irregular cracked flakes, commonly known as "open flakes" or "civil and military flakes".
Those that are as small as fish roes are called "caviar patterns", those that are opened in an arc are called "crab claw patterns", and those that are the same size are called "hundred-junk cracks".
The texture of the small pattern pieces is golden yellow, and the texture of the large pattern pieces is iron black, so it is called "golden iron wire".
Among them, the porcelain imitating the official kilns of the Northern Song Dynasty has a black body and also has a "purple mouth and iron feet."
The bodies of Ge Kiln porcelain can be thick or thin, and the glaze colors are mainly pink blue, moon white, and beige. The glaze surface is as shiny as the slight sweat on the skin, so it is of the highest quality.
The most common shapes of utensils are washers, stoves, plates and bowls.
This is the fourth of the five famous kilns in the Northern Song Dynasty, and the last one is the Guan kiln.
The official kiln was built in Bianliang, the capital of the Song Dynasty, during the Zhenghe period of Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty. The kiln site has not yet been discovered.
The official kiln mainly fired celadon. During the Daguan period, the three most popular glaze colors were moonlight, pink blue and green.
The body of official porcelain is thicker, the azure glaze is slightly pink, and the glaze surface has large patterns.
This is an effect caused by the different expansion coefficients of the tire and glaze after heating.
The porcelain feet are unglazed and turn iron-black after firing. The glaze at the mouth is thin and the fetal bones are slightly visible, which is commonly referred to as "purple mouth iron feet".
This is a typical feature of the official kiln porcelain of the Northern Song Dynasty. Few official kiln porcelains of the Northern Song Dynasty have been handed down, so they are very rare and valuable.
According to historical records, there were three official kilns in the Song Dynasty.
The official kiln sites of the Song Dynasty can be divided into north and south, namely the Bianjing official kiln in the Northern Song Dynasty, the Xiuneisi official kiln and the Jiaotanxia official kiln in the Southern Song Dynasty.
The official kiln in Bianjing in the Northern Song Dynasty came to an end with the demise of the Northern Song Dynasty.
After the Song Dynasty moved south, a new kiln was built in Hangzhou.
This is the continuation of the official kiln in Bianjing, and is known as the "official kiln of the Southern Song Dynasty" in history.
The earliest documents about the official kilns of the Southern Song Dynasty can be found in the records of "Tanzhai Biheng" written by Ye Chi of the Southern Song Dynasty.
"When Zhongxing crossed the river, Shao Chengzhang promoted Houyuan and named it Shao Bureau. He copied the legacy of the old capital and set up a kiln in Xiu Nei Division to make green wares. It was named Nei Kiln. The pure mud was used as a model, which was extremely delicate and the oil color was clear.
, is treasured by the world. There is a new kiln under the altar in the back suburb, which is much bigger than the old kiln. Others such as Wuni kiln, Yuhang kiln, and continuation kiln are not comparable to official kilns. If they are called old Yue kilns, they are no longer seen.
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The article clearly points out that Xiu Nei Si Guan Kiln is also called "Inner Kiln", which has the meaning of inner court and large interior.
At the same time, it was also pointed out that the Xiunei Si official kiln was fired after imitating the shape and characteristics of the Bianjing official kiln.
The mouth of this kiln is made of pure mud and is extremely exquisite. It is cherished by the world because of its crystal clear enamel.
There are three official kilns of the Song Dynasty recorded in the literature, and one is in Bianjing during the Northern Song Dynasty. Its kiln site has not yet been discovered.
Since the glaze color and shape of the official kilns passed down from ancient times are similar to those of Ru kiln, some scholars believe that Ru kiln is the official kiln of the Northern Song Dynasty.
The other two were located in Hangzhou during the Southern Song Dynasty. One was the Xiunei Siguan Kiln.
The record of its firing location was first found in Gao Lian's "Eight Notes of Zunsheng" in the Ming Dynasty.
"The official kiln is located at the foot of Fenghuang Mountain in Hangzhou. Its soil is purple, so its feet are as bright as iron, and sometimes the clouds are purple and the mouth is iron-like..."
However, where is the ruins of the Siguan Kiln in this Xiu Nei? So far, no trace can be found.
Some scholars believe that Xiunei Siguan Kiln is the same kiln as Ge Kiln, one of the five famous kilns.
Because the two are very similar in characteristics such as glaze color, opening, purple mouth and iron feet.
And because the whereabouts of the two kiln sites are still unknown, some people believe that the two kilns are actually the same kiln.
However, this is only speculation and there is no final conclusion.
The second one is under the suburban altar.
Ye Chi mentioned in his book "Tanzhai Biheng" that "a new kiln should be built under the altar in the back suburbs".
This refers to the second official kiln established in the Southern Song Dynasty, that is, the new kiln built under the suburban altar after the repair of the Neisi official kiln.
The kiln site was discovered in the early 20th century and is located in the Wuguishan area in the southern suburbs of Hangzhou today.
Moreover, the characteristics of the relics in the Jiaotan official kiln are consistent with those recorded in the literature.
Of course, the characteristics mentioned here are mainly purple mouth and iron feet.
If you want to imitate the Song Dynasty official kiln, you must know what the purple mouth iron foot is and how it is fired.
Gao Lian of the Ming Dynasty also recorded it in "Eight Notes of Zunsheng".
"The official kiln is located at the foot of Fenghuang Mountain in Hangzhou. Its soil is purple, so its feet are like iron. Sometimes the clouds are purple, and the mouth is iron-like. The pot is tilted up, and the water flowing down is shallower than the whole body, so the mouth shows purple marks. This is not expensive, but it is noble. Iron is enough, but the soil in other places cannot be as salty as this."
This means that the official kiln is located at the foot of Fenghuang Mountain in Hangzhou. Because the soil here is rich in iron elements, the color of the soil is dark red (purple) (i.e. purple gold soil).
Because the soil used for firing porcelain is darker in color, the unglazed soles reveal their color (iron black), hence the name "iron feet".
In addition, because the glaze hanging on the edge of the mouth is thin, it cannot perfectly cover the color of the tire at the edge of the mouth, thus revealing the dark color of the tire soil, so it is called "purple mouth".
According to tests, the iron oxide content in the celadon bodies of the Southern Song Dynasty official kilns was as high as 3.5%-6.7%.
This is the fundamental reason for the characteristic of "purple mouth and iron feet".
Purple mouth and iron feet are a major feature of official kilns, but it does not mean that every official kiln artifact must have this feature. There are also some official kiln porcelains with iron feet but no purple mouth.
Therefore, you still need to look at the opening patterns.
The principle of surface opening of official kiln porcelain will not be repeated here. Chen Wenzhe has already imitated it very well in Ru kiln and Ge kiln.
Simply put, flaking is a phenomenon in which the glaze cracks but the tire does not crack due to the inconsistent shrinkage rates of the glaze and the body, which is caused when cooling after firing.
It was originally a flaw in the firing process, but ancient craftsmen cleverly used its well-proportioned, vivid and natural picture effect to form an interesting and natural decorative pattern.
There is a discussion about the opening of the film in "Eight Notes of Zunsheng".
"The top pattern is the eel blood from the cracked ice, followed by the plum blossom ink pattern, and the fine broken pattern below."
It means that the open pattern is divided into three grades: upper, middle and lower. The ice-cracked eel blood pattern is at the top, the plum blossom ink pattern is in the middle, and the fine cracked pattern is at the bottom.
In fact, no matter what kind of open pattern, it is considered a treasure among treasures today.
Finally, there is the glaze color of the official kiln, which is also one of the most important features.
Because whether it is purple iron feet or open-piece patterns, they are all attached to the glaze on the surface of the porcelain.