Chapter 1825: Brushing and drawing, spraying and rubbing
Forged copperware is made by taking advantage of the ductility of copper and going through processes such as beating, throwing, collecting, stuffing, chiseling, and welding. The same applies to the repair technology.
Then there is the rubbing. If the bronze is missing a piece, first use paper to support the inside (behind) of the missing piece and draw a paper pattern of the shape and size of the missing piece.
Paste the paper pattern on a copper plate that is similar in thickness to the original and cut it out with a steel chisel.
In this process, sheet metal technology is also used.
The patterned copper plate is processed into a shaped patch through beating, polishing, collecting and other processes.
Beating is to use a flat hammer to thin a copper plate to achieve the appropriate thickness;
Throwing involves taking the cut flat copper plate patch and hammering it into a drum shape with a round head and convex surface to meet the shape requirements of the original object;
If the throw is too big, you can also collect it on a round-headed iron rod and anvil, throwing it once and then collecting it until it fits the original shape requirements.
These are not found in the bronze production process, and some surface decorations, or the process of making decorations, will definitely be damaged after a long time.
For example, if a pattern made using engraving techniques is damaged, it must be repaired using the original technique.
It is air-dried and then heated in an oven until it is red-hot, and copper water is poured into it before taking it out.
For the patch pieces of gilt parts, they must be brazed, otherwise there will be no way to gilt them.
Soldering technology mainly uses welding tools to solder, pull, and hang. The techniques are all concentrated under the tip of the soldering iron.
The surface modification of bronzeware starts with making the ground, and then goes in layer by layer to make rust blocks.
Then use chisel glue to glue the patch or piece to be chiseled firmly under the glue board;
At the same time, it must be able to change the form according to the depth, narrowness and width of the pattern.
Of course, it’s not just the production process that requires engraving.
Due to corrosion, the difference in copper properties is very small.
The types of bronzes include white lacquer, green lacquer, gray lacquer, yellow lacquer, jujube red, mercury-impregnated, copper-plated, etc.
This ensures that the pattern surface will fit tightly before welding.
Later, the traditional craft was to use earth molds to move sand and cover the sand to shape the shapes. Later, it was changed to using gypsum and red brick powder to make molds.
Before drying, wipe it with a coarse cloth to achieve the same color and texture as the original.
When welding, you need to use borax for welding, and the technology mainly controls the heat.
When making land, new patches should be corroded into the old color with corrosive materials.
That process does not add adhesive to the weld to make the weld firmly bonded.
It can weld copper, iron, gold, and silver. The welding temperature is relatively high, and the damage to the original parts cannot be controlled to the maximum extent.
Therefore, the ground of bronzeware has severe patterns and colors.
With two hands, a hammer, and a few steel chisels, it is a skill to carve out a variety of smooth patterns.
The ground must be made better with enamel paint, and then use methods such as wiping, brushing, tracing, drawing, spreading, spraying, dotting, grinding, rubbing, etc., adhesives and mineral pigments to make rust blocks.
Therefore, the repair technology of ancient bronzes includes supplementary parts, assembly welding, and basically soldering.
Use a mixture of gypsum, red brick powder and refractory materials to turn over the corresponding parts of the original part.
Then apply adhesives and various mineral pigments to the surface.
The stubble is red brick in color and cannot be dipped in tin for soldering, but it should be done as little as possible;
Brazing is not fusion welding, and the copper solder needs to be prepared in advance.
Especially the bottom layer on the surface of copperware is customarily called the ground under traditional repair techniques, and the underlying layer is called rust block.
Before carving, the corners and edges are sharp and must be polished, and then smoothed with charcoal.
This does not mean that the welds must be reinforced before the complete bronze is welded and formed.
Use a knife to carve prismatic openings on the patterned surface of the copper mirror to prevent regression jump welding, which is not interval welding.
The shape block is then filed according to the missing parts of the original piece, and the pattern is carved and arranged to connect with the original piece, becoming a broken bronze piece.
Brick-colored or light green stubble cannot be welded and can only be bonded with adhesive.
In addition to mastering the engraving technique, it is also important to embody and master the styles of ancient bronze decorations of the same period.
Ancient bronzes all used this process, and are now welded with tin.
Add cold water before completion, take out the chisel fish glue, and a bronze patch is completed.
The ancient bronzes have been collected and used, but have not been touched or polished.
It must be a bottle, pot and other hollow utensils. Chihuahua cannot fill the utensils with glue.
File seven-eighths of the cross section, leaving the stubble close to the pattern surface.
Welded bronze should be soaked in distilled water for a day to remove harmful substances brought by the solder.
When the corresponding shape and decorative parts of the missing pieces of the utensil can still be found under the original, it cannot be reversed and cast under the original.
Another method of replacement is mold casting.
There are two types of welding in traditional technology, one is "brazing" and the other is "tin soldering".
For copper mirrors, since they are welded on the patterned surface, only spot welding can be used.
That is based on the shape of the complete copperware, the decorative patterns are found, the pieces are matched, and the marks are marked.
The process of engraving is the same as that of making copperware. To repair the engraving of copperware, the pattern that needs to be repaired is continued and drawn based on the original pattern under the repair block of the plain copper plate.
The restoration of a bronze vessel is not completed until it is in harmony with the original. If the restoration is broken, the interior and exterior need to be reinforced.
The corrosion of copperware is actually a corrosion film that is tightly adhered to the copper surface after the copperware has been buried or corroded by environmental gases.
"Brazing" is relatively strong. In ancient times, red, yellow, white copper, etc. were not cooked, and the joints of forged copper were all brazed.
If we use modern technology, we can do even worse, because welding technology has not been fully developed yet.
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Instead, there are some techniques using handicrafts that modern people are very good at, such as matching blocks.
That craft is considered top-notch whether it is making bronze vessels or repairing bronze vessels.
Those with poor copper properties can be welded, but those with poor copper properties are difficult to weld.
When the glue hardens when heated, you can no longer carve patterns with a chisel.
It should also be carved with patterns and inscriptions that are consistent with the style of the original, which requires engraving.
Since it needs to be reinforced first, if it still needs to be rusted, it will remain as good as before.
For copper mirrors, the mirror surface (smooth surface) should be rough and flat, so it can be welded under the rough surface during welding, and should be welded on the textured surface and edges.
Chihuahua is a technique of using steel to carve patterns on copper plates.
For replacing missing pieces of broken bronze vessels, simply inlaying them with flowered copper plates is not ideal.
Of course, the most complicated process to repair a bronze vessel is probably not welding.
There are many patterns on ancient bronzes, and some even have inscriptions.
Make all kinds of straight blade, curved blade, shovel, ditch, flat, step, pick, wipe, eye and other steel chisels by yourself.
I haven’t filed it yet, especially if I choose to file it into a bevel on the back with or without patterns.