The origin of colorful porcelain has always been controversial, and there is no conclusion.
Wucai refers to yellow, green, white, red and black, which generally refers to various colors.
Colored porcelain was invented and developed during the Ming and Qing dynasties, which was also the heyday of the development and prosperity of my country's colored porcelain.
What is multicolored porcelain? According to "Tao Ya": "Kangxi's hard color and Yongzheng's soft color."
According to the explanation in "Yin Liu Zhai Shuo Porcelain": "The hard color has a very strong color, and the glaze is applied on it, which is slightly raised. The soft color is also called pink color, and the color is slightly bland and evenly pink."
The real multicolored porcelain from the Kangxi period is quite precious, magnificent and colorful, with a wide variety of varieties.
The term "five colors" appeared in the late Ming Dynasty.
During the Tianqi period of the Ming Dynasty, Gu Yingtai's "Museum Essentials" recorded: "Xuan kiln is colorful and deeply stacked."
Colorful porcelain from the Chenghua period is very rare and precious, and pieces passed down from generation to generation are also extremely rare.
During the Hongzhi period of the Ming Dynasty, the firing of multicolored glazes became more mature.
Not yet, there was blue color in the color materials of the Ming Dynasty. Wherever blue was needed to express, it was replaced by blue and white, which was called "blue and white seven colors", which became a unique characteristic of the times.
One of the most eye-catching is the "Zhizheng Year" underglaze colorful flower bowl with entwining branches.
The production technology is superb, the colors are bright and transparent, the decorations are gorgeous, the painting lines are strong and weak, and the artistic level is not extremely low.
In recent years, colorful porcelain bowls from the Yuan Dynasty have also been discovered in the Philippines from Mendoluo to Port of Calais, but they all have different styles, and the most important thing is that the number has reached 3,000 pieces.
Among them, the transformation from celadon to white porcelain was completed during the Tang and Song Dynasties;
However, in the book "Identification of Ming and Qing Porcelain", Mr. Geng Baochang, a researcher at the Palace Museum and a famous cultural relic appraisal expert, rejected the two Yuan Dynasty fragments and identified them as colorful porcelain from the Hongwu period of the Ming Dynasty.
From those eight ancient tombs, 18 pieces of colorful, blue and white, vat-shaped ocher-glazed porcelain were unearthed.
It cannot be seen from this that the colorful porcelain of the Jin and Yuan dynasties is not a blank.
Because of the changes in social conditions before Qianlong, the decline of the country became more and more orthodox, and the golden age of your country's ceramic industry came to an end with the decline of feudal society.
That book took a step back and systematically disclosed the true appearance of the colorful, red and green porcelain of the Yuan Dynasty.
But in the 1970s and 1940s, when farmers along the Songyuan River in Jilin Province, northeastern China, were plowing their fields or digging for foundations to build houses, they would often dig out some fragments of blue and white and colorful porcelain and colorful porcelain from the ground.
Whole device.
Others believe that it was fired during the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty;
For a long time, there has been no controversy over the colorful porcelain of the Yuan Dynasty in the world, except for a few pieces that are generally recognized in the industry.
However, the glorious history of porcelain has left a precious legacy to the predecessors and established an excellent example that can be used as a reference and inherited and carried forward.
Therefore, the year title of the Yuan Dynasty should be a "sustenance payment" deliberately written by craftsmen during the Zhengde or Jiajing periods of the Ming Dynasty.
For example, the colorful flower-patterned jars and the colorful guava-patterned boat-shaped water fountains are both in the collection of the National Museum of Thailand.
The most common glaze colors are red and green, so the locals call it "Tong Jieting".
In response to the doubts of experts from all walks of life, in order to research the exact meaning of the Sisiba characters on the bottom of a porcelain plate, I went to the Academy of Social Sciences of your country and asked for advice in person from authoritative scholars who studied Western characters.
Some of the whole vessels and fragments have been relegated to museums, while others have been circulated among the people.
Before accumulating the results of his research, he first published a monograph titled "Blue and White and Colorful Porcelain of the Yuan Dynasty".
However, some experts in the industry refused to see it. Some of them believed that the porcelain with the "Zhizhengnian system" mark was fired during the Zhengde period of the Ming Dynasty.
Among them, Kangxi multicolored porcelain was developed on the basis of Jiajing, Wanli multicolored porcelain and Shunzhi multicolored porcelain in the Ming Dynasty.
In fact, Yuan Qicai porcelain in the underglaze eight-color style of the Song and Jin Dynasties has been unearthed in Yuan tombs in Fuyu, Kyrgyzstan, but very few of them have been unearthed, and there are no reports of unearthed porcelain in China.
In addition, the first red and green colored porcelain of the Yuan Dynasty to be publicly disclosed was a red and green colored lion ball pattern jade pot spring vase collected by the Neon Tokyo National Museum. In July 1992, Shiqiao Township, Fuyu County, Jilin Province
When villagers in Daijitun, Welcoming Village, were building a road, they discovered eight ancient tombs deep below the surface.
Before Qianlong's reign, porcelain manufacturing had not always been on the upswing.
It was not until the early 1940s that the Institute of Ceramic Archeology in Jingzhen, while cleaning up the ruins of the porcelain kiln workshops of the Yuan Dynasty, discovered fragments of broken branches and chrysanthemum patterns fired in the form of underglaze red and green colors in the Yuan Dynasty;
In 1994, when he was the captain of the cultural relics team of Jilin Province, he published an article in the monthly "Cultural Relics", using physical objects to prove that the red and green porcelain of the Yuan Dynasty had not been fired historically.
Many museums and collectors in China do not have collections of colorful porcelain from the Yuan Dynasty.
During the Jiajing and Wanli periods, a new situation in colorful porcelain was created, both in terms of quality and quantity, and larger jars, bottles, etc. appeared.
In addition to blue and blue flowers, there are also red, green, yellow, ocher, white and other colors;
The multicolored porcelain of the Qing Dynasty valued softness and had a strong sense of perspective. The painting was exquisite and vivid, and it swept away the rough painting style of the Jiajing and Wanli Dynasties in the Ming Dynasty that focused on color without paying close attention to the shape. Most of the colors applied were thinner than those in the Ming Dynasty.
The development of porcelain has gone through nearly seven thousand years of development from primitive porcelain to mature celadon, from celadon to white porcelain in the Northern Dynasties, and then from white porcelain to colored porcelain.
Previously, a certain number of red and green (seven-color) porcelain and porcelain pieces with inscriptions in Chinese characters, Sisiba inscriptions, Sanskrit inscriptions, or red and green (seven-color) inscriptions were unearthed from a few places along the river.
Generally speaking, it is said that Qicai is a new variety of Jingzhen kiln during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. This view has not yet been established.
The transformation from white porcelain to colored porcelain was realized during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
The Yuan Dynasty jars with colorful figures and colorful fairy patterns are both hidden in Neon.
Of course, with the archaeological discoveries in recent years, this perception has not been quickly overturned.
At this time, the firing of Wucai has reached a very complete state.
However, seven colors were developed on the basis of underglaze coloring in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, which is wrong.
If the porcelain doesn't have that year mark, he can always say it's from the Hongwu and Yongle periods of the Ming Dynasty, right?
The red and green colored porcelain specimens returned to the museum were studied and verified by the archaeological team leader and colleagues who were in charge of the excavation work for several years, and were determined to be products of the official kiln in Jingzhen in the Yuan Dynasty.
Those types of porcelain include plates, bowls, pots, jars, etc. The ones with less glaze colors can be called "seven-color flowers".
It is the reign name of the last emperor of the Yuan Dynasty, Emperor Yuan Shun, Bo'er Jijijin Tuohuan Tiemu'er.
After translation and interpretation by experts in ancient writing, it was confirmed that the meaning of the Sisiba script written on the bottom of the porcelain is also "Zhizheng Year".
The previously identified colorful porcelains of the Yuan Dynasty include colorful bowls with ornamental patterns, colorful plates with peacock and peony longevity stones, colorful cups with double-winged dragon patterns, etc.
Here, some red and green colored porcelain specimens have also been unearthed from the Yuan Dynasty kiln sites such as Jingzhen Zhongdukou, Zengjialong, and Luomaqiao.