Chapter 1937: Silver, Copper, Lacquer, Jade, and Pottery for Drinking Vessels
Among the more famous cups in the tomb of Marquis Haihun, there are 121 Li Cups (large).
It is made of wood, painted with black paint on the outside and vermilion paint on the inside.
The upper part of the ear is covered with swirling cloud patterns, and the cloud patterns are connected by curves and broken lines. The lower part of the ear is painted with simplified triangular connected cloud patterns.
There are two sets of upper and lower circles of band-like patterns distributed on the outer wall. The upper part of the outer wall is painted with vermilion paint on the black ground to draw a circle of connected vortex cloud patterns (including the sides of the two ears).
A circle of cranes is painted on the lower part of the outer wall, with a group of symmetrical cranes on both ends and sides, a total of four groups.
The word "Li Gu" is written in vermilion lacquer in the center of the bottom.
This cup is 16.5cm long, 14cm wide, 6.5cm high and weighs 230g.
If there are big luggage cups, then there must be small ones, and there are quite a lot of them.
A total of 127 pieces of Li Cups (small) were found.
They are also made of wooden bodies, painted with black paint on the outside and vermilion paint on the inside.
The inner wall is decorated with white paint depicting cloud patterns, octagonal patterns and deformed bird patterns.
In Mawangdui, Husha, more than 100 ear cups were unearthed. They were exquisitely made and similar in shape, but the size was different.
The paint is francium red and white, with weak contrast, a stable and square shape, simple and smooth lines, and the seven characters "Qi Dou" written in ink on the bottom of the vessel.
The lacquered rice bowls discovered by archeology are mainly distributed in Fenghuang Mountain in Sichuan, and they are either uncovered or covered.
It is equivalent to 13.5 kilograms today, and its actual measured capacity is 19.5 liters. It is a high-quality wine made from fermented millet koji, similar to modern sweet wine.
The lacquerware patterns created in the Han Dynasty have strong and unified characteristics of the times.
Apart from this, there is no moiré paint.
Lacquerware was a widely used eating utensil during the Zhou, Qin, Han and Jin Dynasties. It was an indispensable item in daily life at that time.
Diameter 9, height 8.5 cm, weight 90 grams.
There are 11 large pieces, which also belong to the banded tire type, painted with white paint on the inside and red paint on the inside.
The words "one liter", "one liter and a half liter" or "seven liters" are written in red on the back of the ear, indicating the unit of capacity, among which the "one liter" cup is the most gorgeous.
That kind of lacquered francium with cloud and bird patterns is also a wine container.
The lacquerware has the word "Shi" written in ink on the bottom, which means it is made in Han Dynasty and weighs 120 pounds.
The wine wine glass was first seen in Chu Ci's "Calling the Soul": "Yao wine is mixed closely, and the wine wine wine glass is better."
The edge of the cover and mouth of the vessel are painted with rhombus and geometric patterns on the bottom edge.
It means "please have a drink" or "please return the meal".
All of them are cylindrical, with straight mouth, straight wall and flat bottom.
There are not many works of art that are similar to that kind of wine set, or have similar craftsmanship, such as cloud and bird pattern lacquerware.
There are many lacquer urchins unearthed in tombs. For example, 2 lacquer urchins were unearthed from Yinque Mountain. They are golden sparrows and are shaped like cups.
The inside of the cup is painted with red paint, and the inner bottom is written with the characters "Jun Xing Wine" or "Jun Xing Food" written in white paint.
Anyone who has seen Han Dynasty lacquerware will be attracted by its bright paint colors, strong visual contrast between red and white, and unpredictable and random cloud patterns.
The surface of the vessel is decorated with cloud patterns and bird head patterns.
For example, 14 pieces were found in the tomb of Haihunhou.
The red lacquer on the inner wall depicts a circle of octagons and deformed bird's head patterns, with no edges at the bottom or top of the decorative belt.
The cover is not visible, and the ears are large. The diameter is 23cm, the height is 17cm, and the weight is 820g (Figure 4).
According to the size and decoration of the 卮, it can be divided into three types: red lacquer 卮, white lacquer 卮, and large 卮.
This smaller cup is 13cm long, 11cm wide, 4cm high and weighs 135g.
The moiré lacquerware is also a kind of wine container, made of rolled wooden bodies, which was a popular new craft in the Han Dynasty.
Compared with bronze ware, although lacquer ware is as durable as bronze ware, its beauty, heavy craftsmanship, and elegance reveal an air of elegance.
The decoration is basically the same as that of the luggage cup (large), only the shape is slightly smaller.
On the basis of inheriting the lacquerware of the Warring States Period, the lacquerware of the Han Dynasty ushered in unprecedented development.
The term "yu goblet" can be seen in the poems of the Han and Jin Dynasties. For example, "Book of Han·Li Qi Biography" does not have the sentence "drinking the goblet to relieve worries", which means pouring wine into the goblet. Drinking wine cannot relieve worries.
According to the remaining wine sediments in the unearthed vessels and the "Qi Ce" unearthed from the tomb, it is shown that the lacquer bell was a vessel used to hold warm wine.
The seven hundred years of the Han Dynasty created the rise of the Chinese nation.
There is no record that it takes hundreds of working days to make an ear cup, so we cannot see how difficult lacquer craftsmanship is.
So what is a 卮? It's actually very complicated. A lacquer 卮 is a cup for holding wine or drinking water, which is made of bent wood chips.
The fine products of lacquerware mainly appeared in the Han Dynasty, because the Han Dynasty was a glorious era in the history of the Chinese nation.
Lacquer cups from the Warring States Period are rare, and their shape is close to the cylindrical cups from the past.
The cloud and bird pattern lacquer is painted with red paint on the inside, and the white lacquer on the surface of the vessel is painted with red and gray-green patterns such as phoenix and dream-chasing patterns, with dense and even lines.
The upper part of the ear is covered with swirling cloud patterns, and the cloud patterns are connected by curves and broken lines. The lower part of the ear is painted with simplified triangular connected cloud patterns.
A circle of cranes is painted on the lower part of the outer wall, and the word "Li Gu" is written in black paint on the inner bottom.
There are two sets of upper and lower circles of band-like patterns distributed on the outer wall. The upper part of the outer wall is painted with vermilion paint on the black ground to draw a circle of connected vortex cloud patterns (including the sides of the two ears).
The cylindrical lacquerware item unearthed from the tomb of Dangyin Hou of the Western Han Dynasty in Fuyang in 1977 was named "卮".
Those lacquerwares have only become an important part of the painting art of the Han Dynasty, and they are also the most representative and gorgeous chapter in the history of the development of your country's wine culture.
Diameter 16, height 14 cm, weight 400 grams.
The words "Junxingjiu" are written in white lacquer on the inside of the vessel, and the words "Dou", "one liter" and "seven liters" are written in red on the bottom of the vessel to indicate the unit of capacity.
There is no double-ringed earring and no cover.
For example, the ear cup mentioned later is actually a kind of drinking utensil, and of course it cannot be used for other purposes.
These are clearly recognizable lacquered wood wares. Apart from the ones we are familiar with, there are also some that are unfamiliar, but we can tell that they are for daily use.
There is 1 piece of white paint, which is a quilted tire. The surface is painted with white brown paint and the outside is painted with vermilion paint.
The 卮 is an ancient drinking vessel, made of silver, copper, lacquer, jade, pottery, etc.
Ear cups are also called "feather cups" and were used to hold wine or soup in ancient times.
For wine utensils like that, the classic one is moiré lacquer.
In addition, three pieces of lacquerware were unearthed in the same place. Most of them had ears on one side, and some had ears on both sides. Some of the artifacts had no ears on one side.
There were still liquor residues when it was unearthed, and the list of funerary objects was called "lacquer painting Fang (钫)", with the words "Sheng Baijiu" or "Sheng Rice Wine".
There is no silver buckle on the rim, and there is no silver ring on the middle and bottom of the watch.
The surface of the vessel is white lacquered, the interior is painted red, and the middle part of the lid and the middle part of the body are painted with swirls and cloud patterns.
In particular, its shape is cylindrical, and there is no hoe that can be moved back with one finger. There is no distinction between double hoe and single hoe.
One piece of Zhuqi was discovered in the tomb of Marquis Haihun. It was made of rolled wood and was painted entirely with red paint, except for a circle of white paint around the edge of the inner wall.
Those cups are cylindrical in shape, rarely have a flat bottom, or have eight legs on the bottom.
There is no lid and double-ringed earrings. The lid is round, with an arc top, straight walls, straight mouth, round lips, and no copper lifting ring under the top.
It is precisely because of the development of lacquerware that it affected the style of wine sets. Lacquerware wine sets gradually replaced bronze wine sets and became popular in the Han Dynasty.