The Khan tombs unearthed in Nanhu, based on the dating of each tomb excavation report and the basic characteristics of the lacquerware unearthed, are generally based on the "Correction of Shuo, Changing of Color" edict issued by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty in the first year of Taichu (104 BC)
, can be divided into two periods before and after.
There are eight tombs belonging to the early Western Han Dynasty, and a lot of lacquerware was unearthed.
Among them, more than 200 pieces of lacquerware were unearthed from the tombs of Li Cang, the prime minister of Husha Kingdom, the first generation of marquis Li Cang and his family, Mawangdui Han Tomb No. 2, 316 complete pieces of lacquerware unearthed from Mawangdui Han Tomb No. 3, and complete lacquerware unearthed from Mawangdui Han Tomb No. 1.
and 184 pieces of lacquerware with inscriptions.
More than 500 complete pieces of lacquerware and a large number of crushed lacquerware fragments were unearthed from the tomb of Queen Wu of Changsha and Yuyang in Xianjia, Huwangchengpo, Husha.
From the Husha royal tomb No. 1 in Shazitang, Husha, 7 complete lacquerware pieces and a large number of lacquerware fragments were unearthed.
A large number of crushed lacquerware fragments, about 296 pieces, were unearthed from the Wuyang Tomb of the first Yuanling Marquis in Yuanling Huxi Mountain.
Three complete pieces of lacquerware and a large number of crushed lacquerware fragments were unearthed from the tomb of Wang Wuzhuo in Husha, Xianjia, Huxiangbizui, Changsha.
Hundreds of kinds of lacquerware were unearthed from the tomb of Queen Cao in Changsha, Hushaxianjiahu Doubi Mountain.
This batch of lacquerware is not only large in quantity, with gorgeous patterns, but also rich in types and well preserved, reflecting the true development of lacquerware craftsmanship in the early Han Dynasty.
There are a total of 6 tombs belonging to the late Western Han Dynasty, including the Changsha Queen's Tomb No. 1 in Fengpengling, Wangcheng, Changsha.
The Qin Central Dynasty ruled for a long time, and even in the early Han Dynasty, the influence of Chu culture on lacquerware in the early Han Dynasty was perhaps stronger than in other regions.
Seven lacquer tripods were unearthed from Mawangdui Tomb No. 1, and six lacquer tripods were unearthed from Tomb No. 3.
The following lacquerware utensils unearthed from the tombs of low-level nobles in the early Han Dynasty show that the deep-rooted pre-Qin etiquette system still existed before the change of dynasties and the baptism of blood and fire.
Eating utensils include tripods, boxes, plates, bowls, bells, chandeliers, pots, ear cups, plates, kettles, cups and boxes, spoons, daggers, and bean-shaped utensils.
By the early Han Dynasty, the pre-Qin tradition of using utensils represented by tripods to distinguish ranks was still followed to the same extent.
A total of 2 pieces of lacquer were unearthed from the east chamber and the north chamber of Han Tomb No. 1 in Mawangdui.
That cultural phenomenon is consistent with Thomas Harding’s theory of cultural degeneration.
Specifically, the inheritance and variation reflected in its lacquer craftsmanship are reflected in both functions and craftsmanship.
For example, the paint and the plate come out together, indicating that they have completely inherited the pre-Qin Woxi ritual.
That batch of lacquerware was distinguished by quantity and low-difficulty craftsmanship, reflecting the increasing sophistication of lacquerware craftsmanship in the early Western Han Dynasty.
From this we can draw the conclusion that the meaning of etiquette has gradually declined and its practical functions have gradually weakened.
Before Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, fundamental changes had taken place in the category of lacquerware. The tombs in the early Western Han Dynasty were basically lacquer tripods.
By the early Han Dynasty, people still followed that concept and custom.
Tomb No. 1 of Mawangdui recorded the system of lacquer (pottery) tripod, which still followed the pre-Qin etiquette of lower ministers.
"Book of Rites·Quli": "The young man will do something at ten. If he is thanked, he will be given a few sticks."
But that is still a mistake and a poor material for interpreting the development of lacquerware technology in the early Han Dynasty.
Two flat plates were also unearthed from the east chamber, and a lacquer plate was unearthed from the north chamber.
From the tomb of Mrs. Quanlinghou at No. 2 Yaoziling in Yongzhou, 12 lacquerware fragments with inscriptions were unearthed.
The Qin Dynasty and the early Han Dynasty were an extremely important turning period in the history of your country.
There were no other three sets of tripods, and the actual burial objects were seven orchids, which shows that the Qing Ce recorded them as practical ritual vessels for small sacrifices, and they were only used for sacrifices, so they were buried with them.
The lacquer plate and lacquer bowl found in the Han tomb of Marquis Yuanling came from the same place, indicating that the pre-Qin Wo wash ritual was still used in the early Han Dynasty.
The watering device from the bottom is a circle, and the water collector from the top is a tray.
This shows that while the Han Dynasty inherited the pre-Qin etiquette system, there were mutations.
Here, the bamboo bed is a kind of funeral utensil commonly used in Chu tombs. Chu people believe that it has no auspicious function and can ward off evil spirits.
The burial tripod reflects the hierarchical status of the tomb owner and embodies the Ming utensil system in the early Han Dynasty.
The smallest characteristic of the utensil system in the pre-Qin period is that people must follow the provisions of the ritual system, and special ceremonial utensils are stipulated, such as the tripod system, according to the Western Zhou ritual system.
This shows that the appearance of several sticks in the tombs of the early Han Dynasty is indeed an inheritance from the pre-Qin system.
The small batch of lacquerware materials cited below mainly come from Nanhu, the old land of Chu.
Daily utensils include screens, tables, eucalyptus, staffs, bamboo baskets, dustpans, urchins, utensil bases, and inkstones.
For example, Han Tomb No. 1 in Shazitang and Han Tomb No. 1 in Doubishan both have lacquered bamboo beds under the bottom of the inner coffin.
This shows that in the early Han Dynasty, the lower class nobles still partially retained the old ritual system.
Lacquer ritual utensils such as taboos, zu and beans that were common in pre-Qin tombs have disappeared, and new types of daily utensils are constantly emerging.
Usually, a couplet is placed on the side of the seat to lean on the body, and the staff is used as a support for the body.
Those seven objects are all ritual utensils, so "Eight Rites" often contains the text "several sticks".
However, the number of cauldrons recorded in Qingce's records is four, one, and eight prisons.
The combination of lacquerware in the early Han Dynasty still did not have a certain ethical meaning.
Therefore, the middle plates of pre-Qin tombs are often unearthed in sets.
During the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the patriarchal legal system declined, and the princes overstepped their control and used the emperor's system.
The patterns under the bottom boards seemed to be "Xiangyun Gongbi" before the restoration, which is very similar to the lacquered chimney bed in the Hushachu tomb.
The difference is that its lacquerware category has jumped out of the circle of ritual vessels and is used in all aspects of life.
Washing utensils do not include basins, washbasins, and washbasins; toiletries do not include double-layered trunks, boxes, boxes, combs, grates, and hairpins.
There are several staffs from the north chamber of Mawangdui Tomb No. 1, Wangchengpo Han Tomb No. 1, and Doubishan Han Tomb No. 1. There are several staffs from the same room.
For example, "ritual sacrifices: four cauldrons for the emperor, one for the princes, seven for the ministers and ministers, and eight for the Yuanshi".
Several lacquerware remnants were unearthed from the tomb of the third generation Quanling Marquis at No. 1 Yaoziling in Yongzhou.
A lacquer box remnant was unearthed from the tomb of low-level nobles No. 304 in Yangjiashan, Husha.
There are no rituals such as washing, bathing, or offering sacrifices in any chapter of "Yili". Retreating to bathe is an important etiquette.
In the tombs of the early Western Han Dynasty, there were already several rods appearing together.
Entertainment items include qin, zither, zhu, panpipe, yu, lute, chime, drum, babo, dice, and chips. Fragments of lacquerware with inscriptions were unearthed from the Changsha royal tomb of the Liu family in Yangjiashan, Husha
When talking about the inheritance and variation of the functions of lacquerware in the tombs of low-level nobles of the Western Han Dynasty princes in Nanhu, you will examine the two factors of the type and shape of the lacquerware that best reflect the function of the lacquerware.
Another example is the tombs of pre-Qin nobles, where several sticks are commonly seen.
In the early Western Han Dynasty, this washing method was simplified, and the 匜 and the pan were both used together.
Fragments of decayed lacquerware were unearthed from the tomb of Liu, a member of the Quanlinghou family in Yaoziling, Yongzhou.
There are many basis for this. First of all, the types and quantities of lacquer ritual vessels in the early Han Dynasty decreased sharply, and the number of practical vessels increased day by day.
For example, in the early Western Han Dynasty, the only lacquer plate found in the tomb of Quanlinghou was the lacquer plate.
The specific historical and geographical environment of the Husha Kingdom means that the lacquerware on the tombs of low-level nobles of the Western Han Dynasty princes in Nanhu has neither the inheritance of the pre-Qin tradition nor the variability caused by the social structure of the early Han Dynasty, changes in concepts and consciousness, and other internal factors.
Judging from the overall situation of the lacquerware products produced in those tombs, it is in sharp contrast to the pre-Qin period when lacquerware was mainly ritual vessels.