Chapter 1940: The Brilliant Achievements of Qin and Han Lacquerware
The funeral utensils of the Han Dynasty included coffins, coffins, wooden staffs, sticks, wooden figurines, bamboo beds, as well as lacquered weapons, chariots and horses, etc.
Among them, the double-layer lacquer box, lacquer pillow, lacquer inkstone, lacquer basin, lacquer bell, lacquer francium, basin, weapon rack, cup box, lacquer chopsticks, etc. are all new products that have never been seen in pre-Qin tombs.
By the Western Han Dynasty, it had become the heyday of gambling opera. "Historical Records: Comic Biographies" said: "If it is a meeting in the state, men and women sit together, drink wine and stay, and Liubo throws pots."
It can be seen that gambling was an important entertainment project in the Han Dynasty. The gambling game unearthed from Han Tomb No. 3 in Mawangdui, Husha was Touqiu gambling.
All this shows that during the Qin and Han Dynasties, the evolution of utensil shapes became increasingly secular.
The secular evolution of utensils in the early Han Dynasty was in line with the decline in the ritual function of lacquerware at that time and the continuous strengthening of practical functions.
The evolution of the shape of the cloud-patterned lacquer dagger in Han Tomb No. 3 at Mawangdui proves this point.
In the pre-Qin Dynasty, whether people were offering sacrifices or eating animals, they had a set of strict etiquette regulations for their sacrifices, among which the dagger was an important tool.
Zheng's note in "Etiquette Shihunli": "Dagger, so it is not the body of an animal."
Use a dagger to take the pot out of the cauldron and place it on the altar in preparation for the meal. This is what is called enjoying the wok, raising the cauldron and carrying it on the altar.
By the early Han Dynasty, the shape of the dagger had also become increasingly secular. People often used lacquer daggers to hold soup and rice in the cauldron, and then scooped out the flat daggers, so the concavity of the dagger blades became deeper and became spoons.
This kind of craftsmanship flourished in the Guangling Kingdom and surrounding areas in the late Western Han Dynasty.
The rest are filled with various cosmetics and silk puffs.
In order to meet the needs of practical functions, craftsmen in the early Han Dynasty often regressed and modified the shapes of some past utensils to make them more rough and practical.
Mother's caskets are rarely single-layered, and double-layered ones are also rare. The lower layer is often used to place bronze mirrors.
Not yet, the storage wisdom in the Young Master's Column in the Han Dynasty is also full. The Young Master's Column that was popular in the Han Dynasty is a concentrated expression of the design wisdom of the ancients.
The number of dowry boxes is usually 3-11, with 7 being the most popular.
That square box cannot be regarded as a representative of the early Eastern Han Dynasty Shaozi's box. The cross-section is a common square and the shape is quite small.
The Han people attach great importance to appearance, and there are only a few types of cosmetics. They include all kinds of cosmetics, including rouge, luster, powder, incense, and incense, and a new type - rouge.
Han Dynasty Tomb No. 1 in Doubi Mountain, Xianjiahu, unearthed a four-child box and an eleven-child rectangular box, with long production methods.
Utensils made in this way were popular before the middle of the Western Han Dynasty, and they can appear in the tombs of the Wenjing period. It is obviously because the owner of the tomb was of a low rank and could get the custom first.
During the period of Emperor Wu, only the new square shape appeared in the young son’s burial chamber, and a new decoration—gold and silver foil appliqués—appeared.
There are also some pearls, gold foils, silver (inlaid with agate) and bone animal-shaped ornaments mixed among the lacquered wood fragments. It is not a comprehensive application of applique and inlay techniques.
Shaozi Lian came into being and became the earliest "packaging design".
Mother-in-law's domes, those with a circular cross-section are the most common;
Although it is large in size and has a large number of boxes, the cone paintings are more detailed and use less precious metal decoration.
Bronze mirrors, mirror coats, mirror brushes, combs, wigs, tweezers, broadswords, powder puffs, etc. are also must-have toiletries.
There are a relatively large number of square-shaped dowry boxes, and those that are preserved in broken pieces are even rarer.
Horse hoof box with horns, wooden comb and grate;
The blade of the lacquered dagger from Tomb No. 1 in Mawangdui has been significantly deepened, and the dagger is shaped like a dustpan, like a spoon.
On the upper floor, 9 grooves are cut out under the bottom plate, and 9 boxes are placed there.
Before insertion, the seven child caskets were damaged and could not be placed into the round mother casket.
In some places, it is supplemented by cone paintings, which are gorgeous and dignified, long and natural.
The carcass did not use the long-popular cloth carcass, but was mainly made of wood, and the bottom of the box was made of copper skin.
During that period, there were many kinds of burial boxes for young children. In terms of novelty in shape, none could be more innovative than the seven-child burial boxes in Tomb No. 1 of Tianchang Bajiaowei.
The ten-child burial ceremony in Han Tomb No. 2 in Ganquan is even more impressive. It is 33.5 centimeters square and 10 centimeters high.
On formal occasions, the meat in the tripod is very large, and the dagger is also used to cut the meat.
Even now, those things are very popular.
For example, the single-layer lacquer box in the Pre-Qin Dynasty had been transformed into a practical double-layer lacquer box in the early Han Dynasty.
The main shapes of the box are round, horseshoe, oval, and rectangular. Before Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, there were also square boxes.
A small rectangular box, containing needlework and quilts;
Techniques such as cone paintings, buckles, gold and silver foil appliques, and inlays were all used comprehensively in the bridal chamber, and their changes often led the fashion of the times.
Such fantastic ideas are amazing.
In addition to this, there is also a double-layered eight-layered box from the Yuyang Tomb in Chengpo. The height of that piece is 17.2 centimeters and the diameter of the cover is 32 centimeters.
Through the significant differences in shape, volume and pattern, users cannot easily judge what is contained outside from the inside, which shows the designer's ingenuity.
The Shao Zi Lian is ingenious in shape, convenient and practical, and the decoration is also the most representative.
It is a combination of boxes of the same shape, which has no practicality and does not bring people a harmonious sense of beauty. It demonstrates the unique rules of formal beauty and the "people-oriented" design idea.
Therefore, those Shao Zi Lian are considered by modern people as a model of "design to serve people".
Tomb No. 1 in Mancheng is the tomb of Liu Sheng, Prince Jing of Zhongshan. Among the eight boxes unearthed in this tomb, none of them has a square cross-section, and they also contain cosmetics.
Built-in rouge, lead powder, silk sponge, bronze mirror, comb and other cosmetics.
The decoration is complex, with cone paintings, gold-plated copper buckles, and inlays (crystal, glass, copper bubbles), highlighting the dignity of the owner.
Therefore, in terms of shape, decoration, and techniques, the Shaozi Lianzi reflects the brilliant achievements of lacquerware in the Qin and Han dynasties. Fangzi Lianzi is also not found from time to time, and it is often small in size and cannot accommodate fewer Lianzi.
None of the objects discovered so far predate the Han Dynasty. It was especially popular in the late Western Han Dynasty and accounts for a very low proportion of the unearthed dowry items.
That double-layered four-child dowry is a fine product from the early Western Han Dynasty.
With the disintegration of the patriarchal society and the decline of the tripod system, the function of the dagger during the Warring States period changed to practical use.
The double-layered four-story box from Tomb No. 1 in Mawangdui has a total height of 20.8 cm and a cover diameter of 35.2 cm.
Therefore, daggers from the Shang and Western Zhou dynasties were peach-leaf shaped, with thin and sharp edges.
But the shape, decoration and contents inside are relatively muddy.
The entire dowry is painted with cloud patterns on a white-brown lacquered floor in eight colors: gold, white and red.
Among them is a rare half-moon-shaped box with a rectangular groove left under the cover, which can be inserted into another rectangular box to form a joint box;
In terms of luxury, the double-layered box with four children in Mawangdui Tomb No. 1 is still better than the double-layered box with eight children in the Yuyang Tomb in Wangchengpo from the same period.
The smallest one is a round dowry, containing a wig;
Lianqian, a mirror box used for men's dressing, generally refers to a large and exquisite box.
The body of the device is divided into two layers: the lower layer and the upper layer. The lower layer contains gloves, wadding, belts, mirror clothes, etc.
Although the 10-child burial box found in Han Tomb No. 7 in Ganquan, Hanjiang City, Yang City, is slightly decayed.
There is a persimmon-pedicle-shaped silver piece inlaid in the center of the lid, and there are no five silver buttons on the edge and wall of the lid. The same is true for the box.