In addition to Jingzhen, there are also some kiln mouths that have taken advantage of their own advantages and learned from certain characteristics of Jun kilns to create successful works that are similar to Jun porcelain but not Jun porcelain.
Famous imitation jun in history include Shiwan kiln in Guangdong Province, Yixing kiln in Sujiang, Tiedian kiln in Jiangsu and Zhejiang, etc.
The Tiedian kiln in Jiangsu and Zhejiang is the only large-scale imitation Jun kiln site in the south, but its artistic standards and aesthetics are not up to par at all.
The products imitating Jun kiln from Tiedian kiln first appeared in the Yuan Dynasty. They have many shapes and rough and elegant decorations, and are all made from billet wheels.
Therefore, large objects such as flowerpots and bottles often have mud streaks on their inner walls but are smooth on the outside.
The interior and exterior of small utensils are smoothed, and the bottom part of the circle is trimmed.
Tiedian Kiln is located in the south of the Yangtze River, with convenient river transportation. The porcelain it produces is not only sold domestically, but also exported abroad, becoming an important export commodity.
The imitation Jun works of Shiwan Kiln in Guangdong Province, referred to as "Guang Jun", began in the mid-Ming Dynasty and flourished during the Kang and Yong periods of the Qing Dynasty.
Guangjun used local Shiwan pottery clay as the body, applied base glaze and top glaze, and fired it all at once.
The main color is blue, with red, purple, white and other colors mixed in. Eggplant purple, garnet red, betel nut red, green and other colors are the best, represented by "rain-sprinkled blue".
The main shapes are washers, bottles, stoves and bottles.
The book "Yin Liu Zhai Talks about Porcelain" describes Guangjun this way: "Jun kiln is better with purple, Guang kiln is better with blue."
Therefore, Guangjun is also called "Lanjun".
There is a red-glazed imitation Jun porcelain bowl from Guangjun that was mistakenly attributed to Song Jun. It is included in the "Ancient Pottery Atlas Collected by Youshi", which shows its level.
The imitation Jun works of Yixing kiln in Sujiang are referred to as "Yijun". They began in the mid-Ming Dynasty and flourished during the Qianjia period of the Qing Dynasty. They were created and fired by Ou Ziming of Dingshan Town.
It is made of purple sand and white clay, with base glaze and top glaze, and is fired at a temperature of 1200c.
The glaze colors include azure, sky blue, gray blue, moon white, grape purple, etc. The color is milky and shiny, similar to Jun glaze. The shapes are mostly bottles, bottles, plates, flower pots, etc.
Jun porcelain has attracted countless people throughout the ages with its unique charm.
It can be said that the ancients imitated Jun porcelain throughout every era.
In modern times, the imitation of Jun porcelain has become even worse. Many people even engage in counterfeiting not to inherit Jun porcelain culture, but to seek profits.
However, it is really not easy to imitate well.
Needless to say, the peak era of Fangjun porcelain was the Yongzheng Dynasty.
The official kiln porcelain of the Yongzheng Dynasty of the Qing Dynasty often made bold innovations on the basis of inheriting the predecessors.
Although it is only 13 years old, it is exquisite and unparalleled.
Especially in terms of color glaze, the achievements are outstanding.
The Yongzheng Dynasty imitated the ancient style and innovated, adding more than a dozen bright new glaze colors.
These glaze colors also represent the highest level of Yongzheng official kiln. The artistic realm it has reached can be said to be unprecedented and unprecedented. No one can surpass it to this day.
So, what are the reasons that led to the high development of color glazes in the Yongzi Dynasty?
In addition to the factors that the treasury was full during the heyday of Kang and Qianlong, there were actually three other reasons that were crucial.
The first is the personal preference of Emperor Yongzheng. In feudal society, the emperor's personal preference can often affect the development trend of arts and crafts in the entire dynasty.
Ordinary literati and officials only indulge in self-appreciation.
The aesthetics of the supreme ruler can be reflected in the production of all palace artworks.
Emperor Yongzheng was well educated and had a high vision. He pursued the perfection and beauty of utensils and had a special liking for imperial color glazes.
What is good from above must be followed by those below.
The imperial kiln took the emperor's preference as the only criterion for color glaze mixing.
They strictly followed the samples provided by the manufacturing office with the glaze and fired them.
Therefore, we produced a batch of color-glazed porcelain with delicate soil, embodying the elegance, elegance, refinement and ingenuity of palace art.
The Qing Dynasty Palace Manufacturing Office's Clearance File of the Works Done by the Manufacturing Office of the Qing Dynasty records the annual work done by the Yangxin Palace Manufacturing Office, and there are many references to colored glazed porcelain.
For example, on June 11, the fourth year of Yongzheng's reign, a man named Wai Lang Haiwang came to Yuanmingyuan, holding a double Xi'er porcelain vase.
However, according to the decree in the clearance process, although this bottle of glaze water is good, it cannot be called good.
That's why it happened. It is said that when the kiln was re-fired, the color was finer than this, and the style was also changed. The re-making office also used the glaze to match this color.
On the ninth day of July, according to a post from the Old Summer Palace, doctor Zhong Haiwang brought out twenty-seven porcelain bowls of various colors, twenty cups, twenty plates, six small plates, one slag bucket, and five small vases.
There is another decree at the end: I wish Yao to do something for you in the next year. I admire this.
The woodwork and lacquer workmen of the Ministry of Internal Affairs' Construction Office must assemble accessories, wooden seats, and bags for the stored items every year.
Every spring and autumn, the porcelain shipped to the imperial palace from Jingzhen would be first selected and presented to the emperor for review to determine the variety and quantity of porcelain produced for the royal family in the coming year.
Among the porcelains presented, there are also a large number of colored glazed porcelains.
According to the "Qing File", Yongzheng color glaze varieties account for a considerable proportion.
It can be seen that Emperor Yongzheng had a strong preference for color-glazed porcelain, so the high development of Yongzheng's color-glazed porcelain was closely related to the emperor's preferences.
Then there is the Nian kiln. The so-called Nian kiln refers to the porcelain produced by the Jingzhen imperial kiln when the Qing government sent Nian Xiyao to take charge of Huaian customs duties from the fourth to the thirteenth year of Yongzheng reign.
Porcelain fired during this period is customarily called Nian kiln.
Nian Xiyao - Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty, a member of the Xianghuang tribe of the Yongzheng Han army, who first served as the waiting man of the Ministry of Industry.
In the third year of Yongzheng's reign, he was implicated in the incident of his younger brother Nian Gengyao and was dismissed from office.
In the fourth year of Yongzheng's reign, he was re-appointed as the general manager of the Construction Office of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and also in charge of jdz kiln affairs.
Nian Xiyao came from a well-known official family and had considerable artistic qualities and management skills. He served for ten years.
The "jdz Tao Lu" written by Lan Pu of the Qing Dynasty records the kilns in great detail.
For example: the materials are selected and made, extremely elegant, and the cutters are rich in egg color;
The round utensils are as clear as silver, and all have cyan colors or intricately decorated cones with dark flowers.
Antique innovation is based on this.
Nian kiln has made great achievements in antiquing innovation, and some of its pure-color glaze varieties are top-notch.
During the Qianlong period, the "Zhali Tonggu Shutang Posthumous Manuscript" in the kiln ink notes praised: The pottery of the dynasty is extremely beautiful.
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Nian Xiyao was the brother of Nian Gengyao, a high official in the Yongzheng Dynasty. In November of the third year of Yongzheng's reign, Nian Gengyao was sentenced to death.
Nian Xiyao, who was implicated, was temporarily removed from office and demoted.
In the first month of the next year, he immediately returned to the important position of director-general of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
This kind of situation is very rare in the feudal society where one person is guilty and nine tribes are implicated.
Yongzheng was a man of merit and took a fancy to Nian Xiyao, who was born in the Hanlin Academy, for his extraordinary management talents and artistic qualities.
It is true that the specific affairs of the nian kiln were handled by Tang Ying, the kiln superintendent.
However, Nian Xiyao had devoted himself to his duties for ten years, carried out the emperor's intentions from superior to subordinate, and strictly adhered to the standards for the use of palace utensils. He made indispensable contributions to the official kilns of Yongzheng.