The distinction between Huayi and Huayi began in the Spring and Autumn Annals and has not been questioned for two thousand years. In the early years of the Ming Dynasty, due to differences in the historical status of the Yuan Dynasty, the distinction between Huayi and Huayi began to become fierce. Although the Northern Dynasties had
, Liao, Jin and other Hu regimes, but none of them unified China. The Yuan Dynasty was the first so-called Yi Di dynasty to rule China for nearly a hundred years. The rule of the Yuan Dynasty was a shame for the Chinese nation, but the fact of a century of rule cannot be erased. The Ming Dynasty
It is impossible to directly inherit the Southern Song Dynasty over a hundred years——
Therefore, Zhu Yuanzhang's "Edict of Enthronement" recognized that the Yuan Dynasty was a historical dynasty in China: "I am the king of China. Since the end of the Song Dynasty, God ordered the real person to live in the desert and enter China to become the master of the world. I will pass it on to my descendants for more than a hundred years. Today, the destiny has passed.
In the end, in the territory of the sea and the disputes between heroes, I, the common people of Huaiyou, are favored by God, and the spirits of the ancestors take advantage of the autumn of chasing deer, and bring heroes to the left and right..." This shows that the replacement of the Yuan Dynasty by the Ming Dynasty is in line with God's will.
When the Imperial Temple was built in Nanjing, the Emperor of the Yuan Dynasty was worshiped together with the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors. However, officials such as Fang Xiaoru and Xie Jin denied the orthodox status of the Yuan Dynasty. The dispute between Huayi and Hua continued until the Jiajing period. The Ministry of Rites finally stopped worshiping the Emperor of the Yuan Dynasty.
Some even proposed that seven of the twenty-three histories of the past dynasties, including "Book of Wei", "Book of Northern Qi", "Book of Zhou", "History of the North", "History of Liao", "History of Jin" and "History of Yuan", should be collected.
The history books exclude the Chinese orthodox history books and only attach them to the "Book of Jin" and "History of the Song Dynasty" as biographies of Yi and Di. It seems that this can maintain the orthodoxy of Chinese inheritance——
By the end of Wanli, the world structure had changed drastically, with great geographical discoveries, the beginning of the European Age of Navigation, the Spanish Armada crossing the seven seas, and the British fleet rising to compete for supremacy. Western civilization had surpassed Chinese civilization in one fell swoop. However, the scholar-bureaucrats of the Ming Dynasty still
In blind self-esteem and intoxicated by a fantasy centered on the Ming Dynasty, although some enlightened people began to accept the new reality, it was far from the mainstream. Zhang Yuan did not expect to change these concepts of the world through this debate.
, but it is possible to open the door of an old house full of decay and let in some fresh air. Therefore, he wants to refute Shen Que on the distinction between Chinese and foreigners, so that Shen Que's generation cannot exclude Westerners based on geography.
He also thought about inviting Galileo to Ming Dynasty if possible——
Shen Que could not believe it when he talked about the map of all nations and Europe and America, but Zhang Yuan refuted Shen Que's prejudice from the "Spring and Autumn Annals", the source of the distinction between Chinese and barbarians. Shen Que was ashamed and annoyed. He was speechless for a moment, which made him
The emperor's grandson Zhu Youxiao was unhappy when he saw Xu Ruke, a doctor from the Nanjing Ministry of Rites, standing up and saying: "Wang Fengsu openly lurked in the Zhengyang Gate of Nanjing, built a beamless hall, hung Hu statues, and deceived the ignorant people.
Each of its followers was given three taels of silver to win over the people. They had evil intentions. Last year, they were arrested for hiding firearms. A large number of Christian believers took to the streets holding small flags and declared that they would die for God. How is this different from treason?
"
Zhang Yuan listened with a smile. He knew that Shen Que and Xu Ruke would not be able to exclude Long Huamin and others for the simple reason that they were not from our race, and would definitely focus on what the Western missionaries did in the Ming Dynasty to criticize them.
It is true that Wang Fengsu went too far in preaching in Nanjing. It would be better to send this person back to Macau, but Wang Fengsu cannot drive away all missionaries in China. Catholicism can be tolerated in Ming Dynasty if it is cautiously preached. What Zhang Yuan values is missionary.
At this time, apart from missionaries full of religious enthusiasm and adventurers with gold mining dreams, who would travel across the ocean to come to the Ming Dynasty? Just like the deserts and snow-capped mountains in western China, there were only monks seeking and spreading the Dharma.
Only then would he brave the threat of death to travel across time. Jinnige, who sailed to Beijing with him last year, told him that on the ninth day of July in the thirty-seventh year of Wanli, Jinnige and 19 Jesuit priests took a boat from Lisbon, Portugal.
, sailed at sea for more than 200 days, and arrived in Macau on February 6th of the following year. Only eight of the nineteen missionaries survived, and the other eleven missionaries either died from the storm or disease. Plague is very easy to occur on sea-going ships.
——
Zhang Yuandao: "Master Xu mentioned that Wang Fengsu secretly kept muskets. Don't you know that the matter has been investigated clearly? I asked Wang Fengsu to bring those two flintlock guns from Macau. One of them has already been handed over to the Arsenal Department of the Ministry of War.
The Ordnance Bureau of the Ministry of Defense has used this flintlock to improve the muskets of the Ming Dynasty's frontier army. This is beneficial to the Ming Dynasty's armament. Why is Xu Langzhong still holding on to it? As for Wang Fengsu giving money to the church members, that is poverty alleviation.
To help the poor, I also built a charity warehouse in Shaoxing to help the victims. Isn't it common for Buddhist temples and Taoist temples to give porridge to the villagers during disaster years? Do they all have ulterior motives?"
Xu Ruke said: "Zhang Xiuzan was a Ming Dynasty scholar who read sages and sages. He gave porridge in Buddhist temples and Taoist temples out of compassion. How can he be compared with Western priests who have ulterior motives?"
Zhang Yuan said "Oh" and said: "After all, Xu Langzhong still believes that people who are not from my race must have different hearts, right? No matter Wang Fengsu does good or evil, as long as he is not from Ming Dynasty, he will reject them, right?"
, this kind of insight is really not worth arguing about. If Xu Langzhong wants to argue, he must first understand the distinction between Huayi and Huayi in "Spring and Autumn" and then argue."
"Zhang Jiezi should stop being so aggressive!"
Liu Zongzhou stepped out of the class, first saluted the crown prince, and then looked directly at Zhang Yuan and said: "Let's not talk about whether firearms can increase the combat effectiveness of the frontier army. We only talk about the way of heaven and human ethics. Your so-called Western learning is a heresy that disrupts the way of heaven and bad human ethics.
What is heaven? Heaven is the principle, but Catholic teachings say that there is a God who gives birth to heaven and gives birth to people. Therefore, people do not recognize their ancestors and parents, and those who lead the people in the world to rebel against their emperor and father must say this. As for respecting God, it is
It is nonsense to say that one can ascend to heaven and avoid hell. It is tantamount to bribery for personal gain, and is an evil theory."
Liu Zongzhou's few words are more incisive and sharp than Shen Que's lengthy articles. Liu Zongzhou has obviously studied Catholic doctrine and has insight into the core doctrine of Catholicism - God or God is a supernatural personal God, which is completely contrary to the Confucian cosmology.
, Liu Zongzhou inherited Zhu Xi’s view of Li Qi and believed that the heaven and earth are just one Qi. The unity of Li Qi creates human beings——
In Zhang Yuan's view, the Confucian view that denies the existence of a spiritual entity that dominates the universe is obviously better than the Catholic cosmology, so he cannot quarrel with Liu Zongzhou here. Liu Zongzhou is a master of Confucianism. This is Liu Zongzhou's strength, and he may not be able to argue.
Liu Zongzhou, and it is easy to confront the entire Confucianism, so he must use his strengths and avoid weaknesses——
Zhang Yuan bowed to Liu Zongyi and said: "Buddha has Sakyamuni and Taoism has Yuanshi Tianzun. I don't care about these far-reaching and illusory matters in advance. I am not a Catholic, and Mr. Qidong is not a Buddhist disciple. Mr. Qidong and I just
How about discussing the science of managing the world and applying it, discussing the way of the king, the way of ministers, how to nourish the people, and how to enrich the people?"
Liu Zongzhou said happily: "Okay, let's talk about monarchy first. Let me ask you, how does a monarch come into being? Is it appointed by the Western God?"
According to the understanding of ordinary people, the monarch is the founding king who conquers the world and becomes the monarch, and subsequent monarchs are inherited. However, Confucianism must raise the monarch to a philosophical level to explain it. Zhang Yuandao: "The monarch's power is given by heaven, and heaven gives birth to the monarch for the people. We
I think that this heaven is neither God nor the harmony that Mr. Qidong said. This heaven is public opinion, and public opinion is heaven. Emperor Taizu Gao wiped out the heroes and established the Yuan Dynasty. It was God who was tired of chaos and ordered Emperor Gao to live in democracy, so
Create peace for future generations."
Zhang Yuan did not want to discuss "natural principles", "sincerity" and "prudence on independence" with Liu Zongzhou. He wanted to talk about the responsibilities of the monarch and the responsibilities of his subjects, that is, the way of the monarch, the way of ministers and the way of the people. Heavenly right of kings is the consensus of the Confucian view of monarchy, but
Zhang Yuan changed the Confucian concept of heaven here and understood heaven as public opinion——
Liu Zongzhou said: "It is true that heaven creates kings for the people. Public opinion can influence heaven, but public opinion is not heaven. The way of heaven is subtle. It depends on the original heart. The heart is the foundation of everything in the world. Don't confuse public opinion with original heart."
"
Zhang Yuan successfully introduced Liu Zongzhou into the debate on monarchy. He talked about monarchy from the perspective of "education of the people", "nurturing the people" and the monarch's need to safeguard the interests of the vast majority of people. This was exactly what Liu Zongzhou, a member of the Donglin Party who intended to limit the power of the monarch, argued.
Appreciating the education given to the Crown Prince Zhu Changluo who was listening to the debate, Zhang Yuan did not discuss the demise of the Yuan Dynasty from the perspective of the Chinese barbarians, but discussed it from the perspective of policy strategy and popular sentiment. He said that the Mongols only relied on their strength and tried to conquer all nations with force.
, eventually leading to defeat. Therefore, if the monarch of a country has good governance and strong national power, the country can last long. Otherwise, he will be insulted by other powerful clans and God will not be able to help him. This is the tragedy of Song Huizong and his son, and it was also the tragedy of Zhu Youxiao later.
The tragedy of his younger brother Zhu Youjian, of course, cannot be cited now as the example of Emperor Chongzhen Zhu Youjian——
Snow was falling heavily, and the outside of Yilun Hall was already completely white. By early noon, the two sides had been debating for nearly an hour. Wang An saw that the crown prince was tired, so he signaled to Zhu Guozhen, the Imperial Academy, to offer wine, and Zhu Guozhen announced that the debate would end today.
Officials from Hanlin Academy and Zhan Shifu respectfully sent the crown prince and the emperor's eldest grandson back to the palace.
The first day of debate ended like this. Zhang Yuan refuted the narrow xenophobic ideas of Shen Que and others, while Liu Zongzhou forgot about his opposition to Western learning when he and Zhang Yuan talked about the principles of monarch and minister. Master Lianchi remained silent.
, just listening with his rosary beads, Shen Que reminded Liu Zongzhou that tomorrow he would return to the debate against Christianity and Western learning. Starting from Xu Guangqi and Zhang Yuan's attempt to modify the Great Unification with the Western calendar, Liu Zongzhou nodded in agreement, and Liu Zongzhou tried his best to oppose the change.
Calendarists thought that this would damage the rule of the Ming Dynasty and use it to convert barbarians into Xia——
Uncle Yao drove a carriage to wait for Zhang Yuan outside Jixian Gate. Sitting on the shaft was Wang Dachui. After Zhang Yuan said goodbye to Xu Guangqi and others, he got into the carriage and found Wang Wei in the carriage. Wang Wei was wearing a Zhaojun hat and a cold fur coat.
He smiled and said: "Today I will come to pick up Mr. Mu on behalf of Mu Zhenzhen. I also have martial arts skills."
Zhang Yuan smiled and said: "You can only shoot birds, but you are not as good as me in hand-to-hand combat."
Wang Weifen's face was slightly red, she held a cup of tea in her hand to Zhang Yuan and asked: "How did your defense go?"
Zhang Yuan had been debating for more than half an hour. When his mouth was dry, he drank a few sips of tea and said: "Wen Wu is the first, Wu Wu is the second. Debating is not about strength and loudness, but the outcome is very different."
It’s difficult, I just want a place where I can debate and express my views.”
Wang Weidao: "Who said that Wen Wu is the first scholar? Isn't Xianggong the first scholar?"
Zhang Yuan smiled "Hey" and sat back comfortably while the carriage drove through the snowy streets.
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Xiaodao is not an expert in the history of Chinese and Western culture, and Yasao is not an essay. Just get the point across. Otherwise, this debate alone could have written 100,000 words, so the last two debates will be concise, focusing on the impact of the debate on the Ming Dynasty and the public.
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