The sixth type is jade artifacts, which are used for burials. The existence of Xueqin is related to the fact that jade objects are used for burials. Only when jade comes into contact with the corpse over many years can Xueqin be formed.
The jade objects buried with the deceased are also called jade objects. The real jade objects appeared in the historical period from Zhou to Han Dynasty. People at that time believed that blocking the various orifices of the deceased with jade objects could prevent the true god from leaving the body and prevent the death of the deceased.
Yuanyang was leaked, so a large number of jade plugs, jade biscuits, etc. appeared in the tombs of this period. Among them, the more representative ones are the large number of jade artifacts unearthed from the Nanyue Jade Tomb in Guangzhou. These jade artifacts are
Those specially made for the deceased, such as jade pieces or jade congs used in jade underworld utensils, are often cut with an extra cut to distinguish them from practical items.
Since the Han Dynasty, the trend of thick burials has gradually subsided, so jade vessels specially used for burials have become increasingly rare, and most of the tombs are buried with practical utensils used by the deceased during his lifetime. Usually, special jade vessels include various types of jade vessels.
Orifice plugs, such as jade in the mouth, cicadas, jade earplugs, jade eye covers, etc. In addition, there are jade pigs held in the hands of the deceased, jade biscuits covering the back and chest, etc.
Jade utensils are often made into the shape of cicadas, pigs and other animals. This is because the ancients believed that cicadas crawled out of the ground and could sing loudly by eating only dew. Therefore, cicadas are believed to be able to be reborn, so jade cicadas usually contain
In the mouth. Pigs represent the money of farming culture, and jade is expensive, so the ancients often used it to be buried with them.
The seventh buried treasure is the artifact, which refers to the artifacts used in ancient times to reach the sky and communicate with the gods, including tripods, drums, bells, swords, axes, pots, pagodas, harps, etc. Among all the artifacts unearthed,
The Boshan stove attracts the most attention.
Boshan furnace, also known as Boshan incense burner, Boshan incense burner, Boshan incense burner and other names, is a common instrument used for burning incense in the Han and Jin dynasties of China. The most common ones are bronze and ceramics. The furnace body is in the shape of a bean in bronze.
There is a cover on it. The cover is high and pointed, hollowed out, in the shape of a mountain, with overlapping mountain shapes. There are birds and animals carved in it, which symbolizes the legendary fairy mountain on the sea - Boshan. It is named after it. It is widely said in the Han Dynasty that there are Penglai, Boshan and Yingzhou on the sea.
Fairy Mountain.
The Boshan stove appeared in the Western Han Dynasty, which is related to the raw materials for burning incense and people's lifestyle. Before the Western Han Dynasty, people used Maoxiang, that is, placing incense or cymbidium in the bean-type incense burner and igniting it directly. Although the aroma is fragrant, the smoke of fireworks is very
During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Great Dynasty, dipterocarps and styrax from the South China Sea were introduced into China, and the spices were made into incense balls or cakes. The resinous spices were slowly ignited under the charcoal fire with high temperature, creating a rich fragrance and fireworks.
The gas was not strong, so Boshan furnaces with various shapes and ingenious workmanship appeared.
The Boshan stove was mainly popular in the Han Dynasty, and people in the Han Dynasty used the Boshan stove for three main purposes: first, the ancients used the Boshan stove as a sacred tool, and used it to burn incense and pray to reach the gods; second, the ancients sat on the ground and burned herbs to clean the room and dehumidify.
Third, dignitaries have the habit of fumigating their clothes and quilts. They use cymbidium imported from abroad to incense their clothes and quilts to show their luxury. As the wind became more and more violent, the emperors and princes added aphrodisiac drugs to the spices to satisfy themselves.
of lust. Therefore, Boshan furnace has become a symbol of lust.
"By the way, the eighth type of buried treasure is actually..." Xie Ming said: "Although it has been confirmed to exist, I always feel that it is a bit unreliable. The elixir, elixir is actually usually cinnabar, with gold and silver as the main materials.
, The trend of alchemy in China has become more and more popular since the Qin and Han Dynasties, and became even more popular during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. Because the scholar-bureaucrats believed in Taoism and were obsessed with cultivating Taoism and becoming immortals, they believed that the color and shape of cinnabar changed during the refining process. This kind of
Changes are related to people's birth, old age, illness and death. Therefore, attempts are made to refine elixirs from minerals such as cinnabar in order to achieve immortality and ascend to heaven and become immortals. In "Baopuzi", Ge Hong demonstrated the immortality in many ways
The way to immortality advocates using gold and cinnabar to make elixirs and taking them to become immortals."
"Nine of the buried treasures are stone tools. The stone tools in the funerary objects are made of exquisite materials. Some of them are fine flower stones, marbles, white jade, Kunlun jade, and Lantian jade, so they are very valuable. Among the stone carvings buried with art, Emperor Taizong Zhao of the Tang Dynasty
The stone carvings of Liujun in the Mausoleum are very precious burial treasures. Of course, the stone tools will not only be buried with the owner of the tomb, but also outside the tomb as a companion to the deceased."
After Luo Tian finished speaking, he heard Liu Dachuan say: "For example, Huo Qubing's tomb is the tomb with the most stone carvings in Maoling. After Huo Qubing died, Emperor Wu built a tomb symbolizing the Qilian Mountains next to Maoling to commemorate his great military exploits. The tomb has a lifelike state, and there are various giant stone carvings on the tomb. The technique is simple and the momentum is strong, reaching an artistic state of both form and spirit. It is the earliest, largest and most complete large-scale stone carving group in my country."
"The main carving in the stone carvings of Huo Qubing's tomb is a representative monumental masterpiece. It uses the form of a man and a horse to form a contrasting scene of great disparity, revealing the theme of the indestructible power of justice. In
On this basis, the sculptor portrayed the image of the horse as solid and powerful, with a majestic posture and a majestic air, which seemed to symbolize the strength of the Han army at that time, with an awe-inspiring and solemn style. From the picture, the Huns under the horse's belly,
Lying on his back, holding a bow in his left hand and an arrow in his right hand, his legs were curled up in a struggling state. His fluffy and messy beard and hair made him look even more panicked and hoarse, with an expression of unwillingness and helplessness. This was obviously for
To praise the achievements of General Huo Qubing and to show the fate of the perpetrators, it is very appropriate to bury Huo Qubing with this stone carving."
Luo Tiantian still had a very happy feeling when he mentioned it. The great Han Dynasty had no intention of invading the country, and the offenders would be punished!
Luo Tian got a little excited when he spoke, and Xie Ming smiled and said: "If the country breaks out into war, you will definitely be the first to go to war. Look at how excited you are."
"How can that be possible?" Luo Tian also felt that he was too excited: "There are such things in history that can make people excited. Otherwise, how could experts who study history be so devoted?"
Liu Dachuan sighed: "I haven't had such an in-depth discussion with you for a long time. Today is really a rare opportunity. My God, Luo, please come here often when you have nothing to do."
Luo Tian nodded in agreement: "I'll come over naturally if nothing happens."
Everyone then discussed the ten treasures buried with them. This was Liu Dachuan's specialty, because it was calligraphy and painting: "To say that the most famous one buried with treasures is the "Preface to Orchid Pavilion"."
Luo Tian had just put this "Lanting Preface" into the book he compiled with Huang Lide not long ago. He nodded: "Yes, but this is also one of the most mysterious calligraphy and paintings in history."
"Yes, the whereabouts of the Lanting Preface are mentioned in "The Sui and Tang Dynasties" and "Taiping Guangji". The process in the middle is slightly different, but the statement about being buried in Zhaoling is ultimately the same. However, according to "
"New History of the Five Dynasties" "The Biography of Wen Tao", Wen Tao, the governor of Yaozhou in the Later Liang Dynasty, once robbed the Zhaoling Mausoleum: Tao walked down the road and saw the palace system, which was magnificent and no different from the human world.
There is an iron box in the stone letter on the bed, which contains the books of the previous life and the handwriting of King Zhong. The paper and ink are as new as new. Tao took it out and passed it on to the world. If this theory is followed, the authentic copy of "Lanting Preface" was in the hands of the tomb robber Wen Tao.
It has seen the light of day again. However, since then, the news about the authenticity of "Lanting" has disappeared like the yellow crane, and its whereabouts have become a mystery within a mystery. In addition, some people believe that Wang Xizhi's "Lanting Preface" may have been buried with it.
The Qianling Mausoleum of Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty and Empress Wu Zetian, but because the Qianling Mausoleum has not yet been excavated, it has never been proven, which is a pity, a pity!"
The eleventh buried treasure is porcelain. There is a long history about porcelain. If the three of them really wanted to discuss it, they would not be able to finish it all day and night. However, the last buried treasure is gold and silverware.
The earliest gold objects discovered in our country were gold earrings unearthed from the Xia Dynasty tomb in Yumen, Gansu Province. By the Shang Dynasty, gold objects had been widely used by the upper class, but the gold objects of the Shang Dynasty were mainly decorative objects, and the utensils were relatively small.
few.
Silver appeared later than gold. The silver-copper copper weapons of the Spring and Autumn Period are the earliest examples of the use of silverware discovered in our country. By the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the production and application of gold and silverware reached the peak of history. At that time, in addition to ornaments, they also produced
Tableware, tea sets, Buddhist ritual utensils and other daily utensils, and the variety has greatly increased. During the Song Dynasty, not only the upper class used gold and silverware, but also the jewelry and food utensils in pubs and restaurants. Gold and silverware in the Song Dynasty
Both in terms of shape and decoration, they have broken away from the opulent style of the Tang Dynasty and become simple and elegant and full of life. The gold and silverware of the Ming Dynasty are solemn in shape, gorgeously decorated and finely carved, while the gold crowns unearthed from the Dingling Mausoleum of the Ming Dynasty are
The basin is one of the representative works.
However, although gold and silver objects continue to appear in archaeological excavations, no one can imagine what it would be like to have 560 gold and silver objects in a tomb. In July 1958, after two years and two years, the Dingling Underground Palace
After months of excavation and cleaning, a total of various types of silk fabrics and clothing, gold and silverware, porcelain and glassware, jade and stoneware, lacquered woodware, jewelry, crowns and accessories, dressing utensils, wooden figurines, weapons and ceremonial guards, and posthumous titles were unearthed.
There are 2,846 pieces of artifacts such as books, posthumous treasures and Kuanzhi, not including coins and buttons, among which there are 560 pieces of pure gold and silver. So many unique shapes, scientific designs, exquisite craftsmanship and high-quality materials were excavated in a tomb.
The gold and silverware can only be found in royal tombs.
There are 560 gold and silver items unearthed from Dingling, including 289 gold items. The most amazing ones are Zhu Yijun's golden crown and the queen's phoenix crown. The golden crown is made of extremely fine gold wire, and the upper part of the crown is inlaid with two golden dragons playing with beads.
There are four phoenix crowns worn by the queen during the celebration, all of similar shape. Each crown is inlaid with more than 500 pearls and more than 100 gems. In addition, there is also the emperor's dragon robe, which is embroidered with 12 patterns.
Different kinds of dragons; the Queen's Baizi clothes embroidered with various flowers and plants and pictures of Baizi.
In addition to 103 gold ingots, 100 misfortunes and longevity coins, 17 auspicious coins, 65 silver ingots, 192 gilt silver coins, and 1 silver cake, the other 82 gold and silver utensils are mostly daily necessities of the palace, respectively.
From the upper and lower sides of the corpse in the coffin of the emperor and empress, a few were placed in the funerary utensil box. Some of the utensils had many scratches on the bottom, which indicates that some of the utensils were daily utensils used by the emperor and empress during their lifetime.