At the same time that Yunzheng agreed to meet with Lin Jian, the Zhou family army, under the command of Zhou Ye, divided into two groups and went south to Sichuan, the land of abundance, and officially began to interfere in Sichuan and seek to separate the east and west
Zhoujia Guanzhong's army went south, led by Zhou Ye personally and led by General Hua Cheng. The two armies totaled 120,000 troops, and they were known as 300,000 troops. They went away with great momentum.
The main force of the Guanzhong Army originally totaled about 150,000, but it has increased to 180,000 since last year. Later, the imperial family's Longxiang Guards and Fengwu Guards began to expand their troops, and the Yun Family Army in Northern Xinjiang was not to be outdone, and the Yingyang Guards also began to
To expand the army, under such circumstances, the Zhou family would naturally not sit idly by and expand the Tiger Wing Guards to twelve guards. In this way, the total strength of the Zhou family would exceed 200,000. This time the Zhou family's army went south, and the Zhou family was very worried.
After hesitating about the deployment of troops, Zhou Ye originally thought that in order to maintain his absolute advantage and solve Shuzhong in one fell swoop, it would be best to dispatch more than 150,000 troops at once. However, the family felt that there was a threat from Xixia in the west, and the Yun family in the northeast was also worried.
It was hard to predict. If one of the two moved, the 50,000 troops might not be of much use, so in the end they had to leave 80,000 troops to guard Guanzhong. Zhou Ye led 120,000 elite soldiers southward.
Zhou Ye wanted to capture Sichuan, and it was also a very correct strategy to face the possible rise of the Yun family with the power of Qin against the six kingdoms.
As we all know, the Yangtze River and the Yellow River flow through the south and north of China respectively. Sichuan and Guanzhong are in the south. The trend in the north is based on the upper reaches. Just as the previous people have said: "From the east of the Shu River, the Yellow River flows to the south, and the general trend of the world is divided into north and south, so Hebei (
The land north of the Yellow River), the south of the Yangtze River is the winning place in the world, and the one who controls the north and the south is in Sichuan. The one that Shaanxi relies on for its solidity in the south of the Yangtze River is the Yangtze River. And Sichuan is based on the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, and is bordered by Wu and Chu.
It is enough to seize the danger of the Yangtze River; Hebei relies on the Yellow River as a solid foundation, and Shaanxi controls the upper reaches of the Yellow River, and is adjacent to Zhao and Dai.
Among the several strategic locations, Sichuan is a typical basin terrain in terms of mountains and rivers. In China's terrain, east-west mountains and north-south mountains crisscross this area, forming a closed and complete basin. There are many large-scale basins on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
The mountain range stretches from east to west and ends abruptly in western Sichuan, becoming a barrier to western Sichuan. The Qinba Mountains lie across it to the north, serving as its northern barrier and the dividing line between north and south in China's geography. The Wushan Mountains are distributed to the east; they turn to the southwest and pass through Dalou.
Mountains and connected to the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau
In every direction on the periphery of the basin, there are mountains and ridges. The protection is unmatched by other areas. The terrain on the west and south sides of Sichuan is dangerous and dangerous. In ancient times, it was mostly a land of restraint. The east and north sides are where it is separated from the outside world.
main contact point
Sichuan is known as the Land of Abundance. Within Sichuan, the Yangtze River and its tributaries merge into the bottom of the basin in a centripetal shape. The rivers flowing out of Sichuan in the east form a fertile plain, which is suitable for agricultural production.
Shu, Guanghan and other places "have fertile land, rivers, fertile fields, mountains, forests, bamboos, vegetables, and abundant fruits. The south is Jia Dian, Boyan, and west is close to Qiong, and there are cattle, horses, and cattle." Chang Can also recorded the history of Shu.
Products, said "its treasures include wall jade, gold, silver, beads, jade, copper, iron, lead, tin, ocher, chalk, brocade, embroidery, yak, rhinoceros, elephant, felt, yak, red yellow, empty blue
, mulberry, lacquer, hemp, and ramie." Sichuan has many salt wells and is very profitable.
The development of Sichuan was relatively early during the Warring States Period. Qin and Shu guarded Li Bingying's Dujiangyan Irrigation and irrigated thousands of miles of fertile land. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the rich merchants of Shu were famous all over the world.
It is full of food; the industry of female workers has clothed the world; the famous bamboo can be used for many tools; it also has the advantages of fish, salt, copper and iron, and it is convenient to float water to canal." Zhuge Liang called Yizhou "
"Land of Abundance", "The People and the State Wealth" During the Tang and Wei Dynasties, Yizhou was wealthy and close to Yangzhou, and its taxation was the highest in the world.
People in the past often said that the road to Shu was difficult. In fact, this mainly meant that the transportation conditions between Sichuan and the outside world were very poor. However, in the Chengdu Plain in the hinterland of the Sichuan Basin, the transportation conditions were relatively good. The so-called "convenience of transferring water to canals" mainly means
It is a river water transport system established using the Yangtze River and its tributaries. The Yangtze River flows down to the southeast. Its main tributaries, the Lianjiang River, the Tuojiang River, the Fujiang River, the Jialing River, the Wujiang River, and the Jinsha River, lead to the surrounding areas of the basin. The Minjiang River, Tuojiang River, Fujiang River, and Jialing River are especially in the hinterland of the basin.
The transportation artery Fujiang is usually called internal water in history, Minjiang is usually called outer water in history, and Tuojiang is usually called middle water in history. The three rivers are all important passages between Chengdu and Chongqing. Chengdu and Chongqing
They are the two major hubs of this water transportation system, separated from the upstream and downstream.
Sichuan's connection with the outside world is mainly through its east and north directions. The Three Gorges of the Yangtze River are the communication channels between it and the east, and the Jialing River and its tributary valleys and lowlands are the communication channels between it and the north. There are both communication channels in both directions.
The danger points are mostly waterways and river roads to the east; land roads and plank roads to the north. These two directions are divided into two major centers: Chongqing and Chengdu.
From the east of Chongqing, you can enter Hubei via the Three Gorges, with Kuizhou as its gateway, where Qutangguan (also known as Jiangguan, Hanguan) is located; from the north of Chengdu, you can enter Hanzhong via Jinniu Road and Micang Road.
, in addition, the Yinping Road can lead to Longshang, with Jiange as its gateway, and Jianmen Pass is nearby.
Kuizhou is now Fengjie, and the "Minutes of Du Shi Fang Yu" says that Kuizhou "controls the two rivers, is separated by five streams, and is located in the upper reaches of Jingchu, and is the throat of Bashu." Kuizhou guards Jiangguan and is the eastern gateway of Sichuan; from
It is impossible to enter Sichuan from the east without going down to Kuizhou; once you get to Kuizhou, you will have passed the danger of the Three Gorges and seize the eastern gateway of Shu. Therefore, Wang Yinglin called Kuizhou "the throat of the four southwest roads and the belt of Wu and Chu for thousands of miles."
During the Warring States period, Bach and Chu attacked each other, and Chu set up a defense pass to resist Badong. In the early Han Dynasty, Gongsun Shu separatized Yizhou and sent generals to Manxiajiangzhou (today's Chongqing), and defended the pass in the east. Later, he sent Tian Rong out of Jiangguan to
Attack Yiling; General Cen Peng of the Eastern Han Dynasty attacked Yizhou, first defeated Tianrong, entered Jiangguan, and then opened the eastern gate of Yizhou. In the early Three Kingdoms, Liu Bei led his army out of Sichuan to attack Wu in order to regain Jingzhou. After the disastrous defeat in Yiling, he retreated to Tunbai.
Emperor, guarding Jiangguan; after Liu Bei's death, Li Yan stationed at Baidi City to prepare for the Western Jin Dynasty to destroy Wu.
, Zhu Lingshi, Pingjiao Zong, and all were also led by the Bai Emperor who went against Jiangxi to the Southern Dynasties. In order to control the barbarians in the Three Gorges area, the Liu Song Dynasty specially set up Sanba Xiaowei to govern Baidi City to ensure the smooth connection between Yizhou and the southeast. The Sui Dynasty destroyed Chen
, Yang Su's army in Yizhou also came down from Bai Di. Tang Ping, Xiao Mian, and Li Jing led their troops from Yizhou out of Kuizhou in the Five Dynasties. Wang Jian and Meng Zhixiang successively separated Sichuan, and they also used Kuizhou as their eastern gateway and north**.
Shu, Liu Guangyi entered Kuizhou from Guizhou. Because he entered Sichuan in the early Ming Dynasty, Mingsheng occupied Shu. Fu Youde attacked from the north and Tang He attacked from the east. The Shu army stood firm in Zhaitang. Tang He used various strategies to attack it before going to Kui.
Prefecture, and then surrounded Chengdu with Fu Youde
Although Kuizhou is the gateway to the eastern Sichuan region, its most important situation lies in the upper and lower parts of the Three Gorges in Chongqing. There are steep mountains on both sides of the river. The Yangtze River waterway is like a slender bottleneck in this area. It leaves Yichang in the east and Chongqing in the west. The terrain is slightly flat. Chongqing
It is located at the western end of this slender bottleneck between Kuizhou and Chongqing. The mountains on both sides of the Yangtze River are generally parallel to the Yangtze River. In this way, if you go east from Sichuan through the Three Gorges, it is very difficult to bypass Chongqing. All the water in Chongqing area gathers.
After the Fujiang River, Jialing River, and Qujiang River in the north merge, they merge into the Yangtze River in Chongqing. In the south, there are Qijiang River, Chishui River and other rivers originating from the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. In Sichuan, which has a difficult road to Shu, river transportation is its most important and most convenient transportation.
In this way, Chongqing actually occupies a hub position in eastern Sichuan
From the Three Gorges into Sichuan, after arriving in Chongqing, there are several directions leading to Chengdu: follow the Fujiang River to the north, and then go to Mianyang and leave the north of Chengdu. In history, it is usually called internal water, and Hezhou (today's Hechuan) is its important stronghold.
; From Chongqing, you can go up the Yangtze River and Minjiang River to the south of Chengdu. In history, it is usually called Waishui, with Jiading (today's Leshan) as its important stronghold; in addition, it goes west from Chongqing, and then goes north from Tuojiang River to Chengdu. Historically
Shangtong is called Zhongshui, and Shanghai is its important base.
In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cen Peng attacked Gongsun Shu and divided his troops into two groups in Jiangzhou (Chongqing). He sent Zang Palace to go to the inner water and led the main force to the outer water. When Liu Bei entered Chengdu, he took the inner water. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, when the temperature was constant and the power was stable, he took the outer water.
Liu Yu sent Liu Jingxuan to attack Jiao Zong. Liu Jingxuan attacked from the outer water first, but it was unfavorable. Later, Liu Yu sent Zhu Lingshi to attack Jiao Zong. He secretly pardoned Zhu Lingshi and used his suspected troops to attack from the inner water. He still used the main force to capture Chengdu from the outer water.
, and sent Zang Xi to take Guanghan from Zhongshui.
The inner and outer waters are the main channels between Chongqing and Chengdu. The inner water of the Fujiang River is particularly important. The middle part of the Fujiang River is divided into Yizhou, Mianyang and Hechuan. Its upper part is divided into Mianyang, which is the ancient Fucheng. It is located in the north of Chengdu and enters Fucheng.
That is to say, the danger of Chengdu has been captured. Hechuan is the ancient Hezhou, and the three rivers converge. "It is a dangerous place because of its high position and deep position." The Mongolian Mengge Khan attacked Sichuan and died under this city. Those who defended Chengdu in the past often went up to garrison Fu City and went down to garrison.
Hezhou to control the upper and lower reaches of Fu River
The gateway to northern Sichuan is not as good as Jiange. There are two passages between Sichuan and Hanzhong: Jinniu Road and Micang Road. Jinniu Road was first opened by King Hui of Qin to conquer Shu. Later, Zhong Hui attacked Shu Han, Wei Chi of the Western Wei Dynasty captured Liang Yizhou, and Guo Chongtao of the later Tang Dynasty
The expedition against Shu, the northern invasion of later Shu, and the Mongolian attack on the Southern Song Dynasty all marched from here. Jinniu Road starts from Mian County, Shaanxi Province in the north, and ends at the Dajian Pass of Jiange in the south. The highest peak in the middle is Chaotianling Jiange, which is its gateway.
Twenty-five miles north of Jiange County is Jianmen Mountain, also known as Dajian Mountain. Thirty miles east of it is Xiaojian Mountain, two mountains connected together.
For many miles, the peaks are connected and stretch like a city. There is a narrow road at the bottom. It is called Jianmen Pass because it is interrupted by mountain cliffs and the two cliffs are embedded in each other, like the opening of a gate or the planting of swords, so it is called Jianmen Pass.
It is no exaggeration to describe the danger of Jianmen Pass as "one man can guard the pass, but ten thousand men cannot open it". At the end of the Three Kingdoms, Zhong Hui led his army into Hanzhong, marched south to Yangping Pass, and headed towards Jiange. Jiang Wei quickly returned from Tazhong and retreated to the camp.
Jiange formed a camp to guard the danger to resist Zhonghui. When Zhonghui's army could not advance into the Jin Dynasty, Li Te from Badi led the refugees from Guanlong and Six counties to eat in Bashu. Seeing the danger of Jiange, Li Te sighed: "Liu Chan has such a place
, but the face is bound to others, isn't it mediocre!" Later, Li Xiong, the son of Li Te, separatized Yizhou and established the Han Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties. When the north and the south fought for Yizhou, Jianmen Pass was their throat. In the second year of the Northern Wei Dynasty (505),
Xing Luan, the general of the Northern Wei Dynasty, captured Hanzhong of Xiao Liang in the Southern Dynasty and entered Jiange in the south. The Liang army retreated to Fucheng.
Jiange, now that Nan'an has been conquered, its danger has been captured. According to that boundary, three points have been looked at Fu. It is beneficial. If we don't capture it now, it will be difficult to capture it later... Moreover, Jiange is naturally dangerous. If we gain it and abandon it, it is good.
What a pity”
In the second year of Liang Chengsheng (553), the Western Wei general Wei Chijiong led his army to attack Yizhou. Liang general Yang Qianyun surrendered to the Wei Dynasty with Jiange, and Yuchijiong then entered the Jiange and occupied Yizhou. During the Five Dynasties, the Later Tang army attacked Meng Zhixiang in Yizhou, and the forward entered the sword. Mengguan defeated Jianzhou, but the army could not continue and retreated to Jianmen. Meng Zhixiang heard the news and rushed his troops to garrison in Jianzhou. Later, the Tang army attacked again and was defeated. Meng Zhixiang separatized Yizhou and Hou Zhou Wangjing attacked the rear. Shu, the Lord of Shu gathered troops and food at Jianmen. The White Emperor prepared for the defense, and Wang Jing could not defeat it. In the Northern Song Dynasty, Wang Quanbin led his troops to attack the later Shu, and the troops reached Yiguang (now Zhaohua), and the Shu army was defeated. Jiangge was used to defend it. After the Song army could not advance, some of the soldiers surrendered and told Wang Quanbin: "The mountains to the east of the Yiguang River are numerous and there is a narrow path called Su. The Shu people set up a gate in Jiangxi to guard it. There is a crossing on the other side, and the road leads to the south of Jianmen. Twenty miles away, we reach Qingjiangdian and join the official road. If we advance from here, the danger of the sword pavilion will not be enough." Wang Quanbin accepted his suggestion and sent his troops to follow this route to the south of Jianmen and attack Jianmen from both sides. Only then did they break the sword. In the early Ming Dynasty, Fu Youde did not attack the Jiange Pavilion but went out to the Yinping old road. This was also a way of avoiding the real situation and attacking the weak, and bypassing the danger of the Jiange Pavilion.
In the north and south of Jiange, there are Mianyang and Guangyuan, which are in danger of facing each other. Guangyuan is Lizhou in history. From Hanzhong to Shu via Yangpingguan, the first line of defense encountered is Lizhou. From Lizhou, you can go west to Jiange, or you can Detouring southward to Langzhong and leaving Jiange, in terms of the order of being attacked, in fact, taking Lizhou as the first to defend Lizhou can protect Jiange and Langzhong at the same time.
Mianyang is the historical Fucheng and Mianzhou, and is an important stronghold south of Jiange and north of Chengdu. From Jiange, the two roads from Yin and Ping to Chengdu must pass through Fucheng; and Fucheng strangles the upper reaches of the Fujiang River and controls the inner water. Road to Chengdu After Zhuge Liang's death, Jiang Wan took charge of the military affairs of the Shu Han Dynasty. In the fourth year of Yanxi's reign in the Shu Han Dynasty (241), Jiang Wan asked people to move from Hanzhong to Tun Fucheng, saying: "Fu is connected by water and land in all directions, but it is urgent to respond. If there is danger in the northeast, , it is not difficult to get there, please move to Tunfu." Xingluan of the Northern Wei Dynasty, and Shi Jingtang of the Five Dynasties attacked Shu. The forwards had already broken through Jianmen Pass, and the Shu army retreated to Fucheng, so they were able to protect Shu. "Now the king has advanced forward and has already forced Fucheng; if he escapes Fucheng, Yizhou will be a target of capture. However, if he gets it sooner or later, he will have his ear and his ministers' calculations. He is planning to attack Fucheng first and advance gradually; If you conquer Fucheng, you will be able to divide the land of Yizhou in the middle, cut off the rush of water and land, and there will be no reinforcements. The city can defend itself alone, how can it survive for a long time!" Therefore, if you defend Fucheng, you can connect with three routes; if you don't defend Fucheng; Then the situation in Chengdu is over
There is another Yinping Road in the north of Sichuan that can lead to Longshang. Yinping Road is named after it is located in the shade (northern foot) of Motian Ridge in the east of Minshan Mountain. It goes from Yinping (in today's Wenxian County, Gansu Province) to the south, passes through Long'an, Jiangyou and ends at Mianyang. To the north of Chengdu, there is a bridge across the Bailong River in the southeast of Yinping. It is the so-called Yinping Bridge. The Yinping Road is extremely steep and can only be accessed by woodcutter and hunting people.
In the seventh year of the founding of the Shu Han Dynasty (229), Zhuge Liang went on a northern expedition and pacified Yinping and Wudu. He said that "the defense of the whole Shu should be in Yinping", so he set up garrisons. Later, due to the invention of the "liquid horse" boat and the frequent water transportation of the Bailong River, it was developed It became a passage between Sichuan and Longxi. In the fourth year of Jingyuan of Cao Wei (263), when Zhong Hui and Deng Ai were conquering Shu, Jiang Wei, who was stationed in Dazhong, heard the news and reminded his successor that he urgently sent troops to guard the Yinping Bridge, but the latter did not pay attention to Jiang Wei. Wei quickly returned to the army to guard the sword pavilion, and the army was gathered outside the sword gate. Deng Ai asked Sima Zhao for instructions to advance from Yinping Road: "The thieves have defeated them now, so we should take advantage of them. From Yinping, we can go through the evil path and pass through Deyang Pavilion of Han Dynasty. Go to Fu, go out a hundred miles west of Jiange, and go to Chengdu with more than 300 troops to attack its heart. If the defenders of Jiange must return to Fu, then (Zhong) Hui can advance on the same track; if the Jiange army does not return, then they should attack Fu. The soldiers are outnumbered, but the army has an ambition, saying: "Attack the unprepared enemy and surprise them." Now we can cover up the void and break it." Sima Zhao followed Deng Ai and then went from Yinping to an uninhabited land for 700 miles. After Jiang Wei's army came out of the Jiangge, he ascended first. Arrive at Jiangyou, defeat Fucheng and Mianzhu, and advance into Chengdu. Liu Chan was shocked and surrendered.
Since Deng Ai, Yinping has become one of the shortcuts to conquer Shu. Those who occupied Shu also paid more attention to the defense of Yinping Road. During the Five Dynasties, Shi Jingtang attacked the two Sichuan. Meng Zhixiang, the commander of Xichuan, sent troops to fight for the sword pavilion while sending troops to Longzhou (
Today's Long'an), guarding the key points in preparation for the old Yinping Road; Shi Jingtang indeed sent troops to advance from the Yinping Road, but because the Xichuan soldiers were well prepared, they were defeated. Later in the early Ming Dynasty, Fu Youde attacked Shu, threatened to break out of the Jinniu Road, and secretly led the army to follow Deng Ai
Follow the old path from Yinping to Chengdu
These are several traffic routes in northern Sichuan. Because the center of Sichuan is in Chengdu, it is most convenient to enter and exit from Jinniu Road. Therefore, Jinniu Road is the strategic point in northern Sichuan, with Jiange as its gateway. It has been used to attack Shu in past dynasties. The Yinping Road is valued by those who defend Shu because of its remote and dangerous terrain.
, easy to be ignored and more hidden. Attacking Chengdu from this can often have a surprising effect. From the south of Micang Road, you can reach Chongqing. During the confrontation between the north and the south, marching from Micang Road can threaten the communication line between central and southeast Sichuan.
This is the general situation of the traffic channels in the east and north directions of Sichuan and the key points of attack and defense. It has been said by predecessors that "the danger of Chengdu is not
