The density of water is eight hundred times that of air, so sailing in water and flying in air require completely different shapes.
The most suitable shape in water is a teardrop shape, while the most suitable shape in the air is a cone shape. An example of the former is a submarine, and an example of the latter is a bullet.
The two types are irreconcilable, which poses a great challenge to submarine-launched ballistic missiles.
The biggest advantage of a submarine-launched ballistic missile is its concealment. Therefore, it must be launched from underwater. After the missile leaves the water, it then enters the atmosphere and flies. In this way, the submarine-launched ballistic missile needs to transform.
Julang-2 adopts a double fairing design. It uses the drop-shaped one with the best fluid performance in the water. After leaving the water, the underwater fairing is thrown away to reveal the conical fairing!
The teardrop-shaped fairing not only has to be on the front, but also on the tail, so that it has the best performance in the water, but at the same time, the design is too complicated!
Da Mao also designed it, but in the end it proved to be too complicated.
Even the technologically advanced West has not made it so complicated. For example, the United States' "Trident 2-D5" and France's "M51" submarine-launched intercontinental ballistic missiles have optimized their submarine-launched missiles according to their underwater shapes.
The process of water discharge is very smooth.
However, the drop-shaped fairing has great resistance when flying in the air. How to solve this problem? The answer is the drag reduction rod!
The shape of this missile is like a swordfish, with a long drag reduction rod in front. This drag reduction rod will not affect navigation in the water. When flying in the air, it can generate shock waves in front of the missile.
Reduce the resistance of the projectile behind.
However, the effect of the drag reduction rod is definitely not as good as that of the conical fairing, and the drag reduction effect is only about 50%, which results in a significant shortening of the missile's range.
The Americans have advanced solid rocket motor technology, so even if the resistance is greater, the range of the missile can still be guaranteed, but the domestic ones cannot!
At this time, after hearing Kvasa's words, Mr. Yang nodded: "Yes, Mr. Kvasa is right. Such a design will make the system too complex. However, we have no other way. After all, our
The target of a ballistic missile with a range of 8,000 kilometers is rigid, and we must follow this target. By the way, how did you solve this technical problem?"
Now that Da Mao's designers are here, of course we have to listen to their opinions.
"We use an underwater ignition method, relying on the missile's own power to eject water." Kvasa did not hide it and directly talked about this technology.
Both domestic and Western mainstream methods use gas ejection. The missile is ejected underwater and flies to the top of the water before the missile ignites. However, Lao Maozi is more direct. He ignites the missile in the launch tube and flies out by himself.
, no matter how big the underwater resistance is, we can just rush forward.
This different design is also caused by the different missile designs of the two sides.
During the Cold War, Lao Maozi's nuclear submarines were launched one after another. Although they also knew that solid missiles were very useful, they could not figure out the relevant technology. Therefore, most of them used liquid missile technology. This kind of missile
The thrust of the engine is strong, and it is okay to ignite directly underwater. It was not until the Typhoon-class nuclear submarine that Lao Maozi began to use solid missiles, which were specially designed for bombs. Therefore, when the Typhoon-class nuclear submarine was decommissioned, Lao Maozi suddenly discovered that the submarine launcher he had on hand
The missiles are useless again!
Of course, there are backup plans. During the Red Empire, the Makeev Design Bureau, the leading unit in developing submarine-launched missiles, had begun developing a solid-fuel submarine-launched missile named "Balk" in 1986. However, several test-fired
After several failures, it became a laughing stock in the Western media, so that Mao finally canceled the "Balk" development plan and chose the Moscow Institute of Thermal Technology's plan through public bidding. This institution is the developer of the famous Topol missile.
Unit, it is said that it is easy to develop sea-based missiles. However, this missile code-named "Bulava" is not much better. It often fails in test launches. Fortunately, it finally works out, which can be regarded as saving Mao's face.
.
Therefore, in the research and development of solid submarine-launched ballistic missiles, Lao Maozi's technology is not very good, and he cannot provide advice at all.
"It's strange to say that Lao Maozi always uses cold launch on vertical launch missiles. How come he uses hot launch on submarine-launched missiles?" Qin Tao joked on the side. He also found this matter very interesting.
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"It's not because the technology of launching submarine-launched ballistic missiles out of the water is too difficult." Kvasa said: "It's not that the Navy didn't know the benefits of solid missiles back then, but it had developed several models and failed, so it could only develop liquid missiles.
.”
Everyone nodded. It was beneficial for Kvasa, an old man, to join the meeting. He could provide them with some of Mao's experience in the development of nuclear submarines, including the development of submarine-launched ballistic missiles. Even if it was just a failure, it would be an inspiration to our own side.
The technology of solid submarine-launched ballistic missiles is too difficult!
Everyone understood this deeply. When they heard Kvasa say this, everyone frowned, and the conference room fell into silence for a short time.
Qin Tao is also thinking, how can we take care of both underwater and air? The American drag reduction rod method cannot be used. Is there anything better?
The density of water is high and the resistance is high. The resistance in the air is much smaller. It would be great if the missile was the same underwater as it is in the air!
When thinking of this, Qin Tao suddenly thought of something: "Everyone, have you heard of supercavitation?"
Supercavitation technology was first used in torpedoes, and Da Mao succeeded in developing a storm torpedo with an underwater speed of 200 knots. Its principle is actually very simple, which is to create air bubbles in front of the torpedo, so that the torpedo can sail
It's much faster in the air than in the water.
This chapter is not finished yet, please click on the next page to continue reading the exciting content! After hearing Qin Tao's words, everyone's eyes lit up, yes, why haven't they thought about this technology? If an air bubble is added to the front end of the missile, it will
The device allows the missile to be surrounded by air when it comes out of the water, which can greatly reduce the air resistance of the missile in the water!
"Mr. Qin, the plan you mentioned is very valuable, and we will take it into consideration seriously." Mr. Yang said, "But in this way, the length of the missile may be increased, perhaps to fourteen meters."
Qin Tao nodded: "We will design the nuclear submarine based on a length of fourteen meters. The specific indicators must be approved by the military. If we are willing to increase the budget and increase the displacement, we may cancel the turtle back of the nuclear submarine."
The pressure hull diameter of 13.5 meters is the largest, but building such a large pressure hull will inevitably mean an increase in displacement and a surge in construction costs. Therefore, overall consideration must be made to see if the navy can afford it.
If the navy feels that the displacement is too large, it doesn't matter if it is lowered, it will just add a turtle back. Anyway, almost all missile nuclear submarines in other countries have turtle backs.
"First, please ask the Third Design Office of Mingzhou Group to design according to a concealed plan, and then after the budget report is issued, the decision will be made by the superiors." said an officer present.
"Okay." Qin Tao nodded.
"The detailed design still needs detailed calculations later, but now, I can report the rough parameters to the Navy." As the best submarine designer, Kvasa quickly made a rough calculation.
"The length is 170 meters and the width is 13.5 meters. Without the back, it can carry 16 ballistic missiles. The water displacement is about 17,000 tons and the underwater displacement is 24,000 tons."
This parameter immediately shocked everyone.
Everyone knew that this submarine would be huge, but I didn’t expect it to be so big!
The 092, the only strategic missile nuclear submarine in the country, is only 120 meters long, more than ten meters wide, and has an underwater displacement of only 8,000 tons. Compared with the big guy in Kvasa's mouth, it is definitely a child!
Qin Tao was also surprised. What surprised him was another thing: the technical parameters of this submarine are almost exactly the same as Lao Maozi's 955 nuclear submarine! Is Kvasa planning to directly buy the 955 nuclear submarine?
The Type 955 strategic nuclear submarine is the famous Beifeng God, the most advanced missile nuclear submarine in later generations!
In fact, as early as the early 1980s, Lao Maozi began to carry out project demonstration. They needed to develop a next-generation submarine to replace the Type 941 strategic nuclear submarine. However, when the Red Empire collapsed, this project also stayed in the demonstration stage. By the 1990s,
After the collapse of the Red Empire, Lao Maozi looked at the existing inventory on hand and decided to directly transform it.
There were two options at that time: one was to use the unfinished semi-finished products of the Type 971 "Akula" class, codenamed Type 955(a), and the other was to use the unfinished semi-finished products of the Type 949 "Oscar" class
, the project code is Type 955(b).
After some analysis, Lao Maozi believed that the Akula class had greater potential, so he used it to transform it. The first few Type 995 submarines that were finally built were almost all spliced together. For example, the first boat was
Type 971u "Akula II" class K-337 "Puma"; No. 2 boat is the Type 971u "Akula II" class K-333 "Lynx"; No. 3 boat is said to be a Type 971m "Akula"
III" level and recovery of some parts of the decommissioned K-480 "Snow Leopard".
Of course, these are just legends, and the outside world has no idea what is going on, but the basic parameters are still certain.
Lao Maozi's nuclear submarine technology has been developed for decades. By the time it reached the Akula class, it was almost completely mature. Even the Type 095 designed by Mingzhou Group was very similar to the Akula class in appearance, and the 955
The appearance of the class is also borrowed from the Akula class, and even the front and tail parts are directly from the unfinished Akula class.
Now, Qin Tao can understand Kvasa's plan, but some of them are still curious: "You said the maximum width of our nuclear submarine is 13.5 meters?"
After our plate rolling machine is built, the maximum diameter that can be rolled is 13.5 meters. In terms of height, it is easy to say that an opening must be made in the pressure shell to poke the missile in, but the width must also be enlarged!
"Yes." Kvasa nodded: "The height of our boat should be larger, and the two sides behind the control tower should be in a flat shape, so as to meet the carrying requirements of missiles. But in the horizontal direction, it does not need to be too high.
If it is wider, it will increase our navigation resistance." Kvasa, the submarine designer, has already entered into working mode.
The height is increased to meet the need for missiles, and the submarine already has a command tower, which is originally one section taller, but this is not necessary in terms of width.
There is no turtle back, it just becomes a flat upper part of the hull behind the control tower, which just accommodates the launch tube.
What about width? Kvasa still hasn’t solved the width problem!
Kvasa continued following his train of thought: "In this way, if we install two nuclear reactors, the submarine's maximum underwater speed will definitely exceed 30 knots, or even reach more than 33 knots."
Da Mao's Beifeng Shen uses a 190-megawatt nuclear reactor, which allows the submarine's underwater speed to reach 29 knots. Our own side uses two nuclear reactors with a total power of 300 megawatts, and the speed soars to 35 knots.
possible!
"More importantly, since the power reserve is sufficient, we should be able to achieve a silent sailing capability of 15 knots by relying solely on the natural circulation of the nuclear reactor without turning on the primary circulating water pump," Kvasa continued.
Talking about various data, several naval officers present were recording excitedly. If these data can be realized, it would be amazing. Our nuclear submarines would suddenly become world-class!
This chapter is not over yet, please click on the next page to continue reading! "Kvasa, why is the width 13.5 meters?" Qin Tao finally couldn't help it and asked Kvasa directly.
Kvasa was stunned for a moment, and then understood something: "Well, of course it's because our largest diameter is 13.5 meters. By the way, I forgot to mention that our submarine will use a single-double-hull hybrid structure.
For the bow and stern, we use a double-hull structure, and in the center we use a single-hull structure."
Qin Tao nodded. He came up with this single-double-shell hybrid by himself. Unexpectedly, he actually forgot about it here!
The double-shell reserve has high buoyancy, but is bulky and has small internal space. The single-shell is just the opposite. Therefore, combining the single-shell and double-shell structures has become a trend led by Mingzhou Group.
This is how they designed it on diesel-electric submarines, and nuclear submarines are certainly no exception.
This time, double shells are used at the front and rear. The front is of course to cope with possible collisions. The double shells are stronger, and the rear is for better silent performance. The single shell is used in the center, which will increase the internal space and reduce the cost.
is the projected area of the submarine.
This Kvasa is really powerful, he is an old designer in the development of nuclear submarines!
Even Mr. Huang and Mr. Peng nodded frequently, very satisfied with Kvasa's design.
"We can also help during the design stage." Mr. Huang said: "It is a great honor for such a strategic-level weapon to appear in our hands."
Qin Tao nodded: "Of course that's the best. You can just come with us."
It was agreed last time that Mr. Huang and Mr. Peng were both going to be consultants in the research and development of nuclear submarines, so they happened to go together this time.
This meeting is almost over, but Kvasa doesn't seem to be planning to leave yet. He looked at everyone: "Everyone, I don't know how the development of cruise missiles by relevant domestic institutions is going? I'm
Say, a cruise missile like a Tomahawk?”
Some of those present are from the aerospace system, and some are in charge of naval equipment. It would be best to ask them about these matters.
Kvasa is engaged in submarines. Apart from submarines, he doesn’t know much about other projects.
After hearing Kvasa's words, the people present were a little curious. They didn't know what the purpose of Kvasa's question was. Qin Tao quickly realized it and couldn't help but sigh. After Kvasa arrived in the East, his brain also changed.
It’s becoming more and more flexible!
Strategic nuclear submarines bear the heavy responsibility of secondary nuclear counterattacks. This kind of weapon is not usually used. Once used, it will be the end of the world. As a strategic deterrent force, it is best never to be put into the battlefield.
In this case, wouldn't this weapon be wasted?
With the end of the Cold War, the Americans felt that the Ohio-class nuclear submarines they had on hand were somewhat redundant, so they wanted to use them for other purposes.
What to do?
The Americans thought of cruise missiles, so they converted the first four "Ohios" that could only carry "Trident I" from strategic missile nuclear submarines into cruise missile nuclear submarines. Lao Maozi also had cruise missile nuclear submarines, but they were only used to launch anti-ship missiles.
The ship-to-ship missile is different from the land-attack cruise missile used by the Ohio class.
The original Ohio-class had 24 mk46 launchers. These launchers remain unchanged, 22 of them were changed to cruise missile launchers, and 2 were changed to special personnel transport bays.
Since the diameter of the "Trident I" submarine-launched ballistic missile is 1.8 meters, and the diameter of the BGM-109 "Tomahawk" cruise missile is only 0.53 meters, seven plum blossoms can be placed in the original circle with a diameter of 1.8 meters.
Arranged in a circle with a diameter of 0.53 meters, that is to say, this becomes a pit with seven bombs. An Ohio-class nuclear submarine can carry 154 Tomahawk cruise missiles, becoming a professional ground attack submarine.
This seems to have resulted in the loss of a number of strategic nuclear counterattack forces, but it has greatly increased ground attack capabilities. In fact, the Tomahawk can also be equipped with nuclear warheads when needed, and can fly more covertly, serving as the first wave of nuclear weapons.
The strike power is also acceptable. After all, cruise missiles fly slowly, but they also fly far. A cruise missile like the Tomahawk can fly 2,500 kilometers, which is further than the range of the Julang-1.
"Everyone, our idea is to make some calculations based on domestically produced cruise missiles to see how to choose a more suitable size of the launch tube. After arriving, the cruise missile can be modified at any time." Qin Tao explained to everyone.
Only then did everyone react.
"We are currently developing cruise missiles similar to the Tomahawk class. The biggest difficulty is the small-thrust aviation turbofan engine. After the relevant technologies are overcome, we will also have similar cruise missiles." A leader of the First Academy said.
Said: "Don't worry now, Mr. Qin, if you have a way, would you like to get us some samples from abroad? It would be great if we could have a battle axe."
Difficulties in aviation engines have always existed. At present, domestic high-thrust turbofans have not yet been finalized, and small-thrust aviation turbofan engines are also blank. Therefore, domestically produced cruise missiles still have a long way to go.
Qin Tao smiled bitterly and shook his head: "It's difficult. It would be easier if I had it in my hands. The advanced Tomahawk cruise missile is an American product! Unless the Americans use it in the war, let's find a few missiles that did not explode and bring them back for study.
Pretty much."
In the war of 1991, Tomahawk missiles also appeared on the stage of the war. This kind of missile technology was advanced, but Qin Tao had not yet developed it at that time, so it could not go to the local area to collect the trash. Now it has no choice but to do so.
Next, we have to wait for 99 years?
Kvasa didn't say much. This meeting had already yielded too much useful information, and it would take some time for him to digest it.
After the meeting was over, Kvasa went back with the mission. He was accompanied by Mr. Peng and Mr. Huang. Qin Tao hadn't left yet. Since he was here, of course he had to go see his father-in-law.
This time my father-in-law did not come forward, partly because he was busy with work, and partly because he wanted to avoid suspicion. After all, it seemed that this strategic nuclear submarine was handed over directly to the Mingzhou Group without much bidding.
There is no way, only Mingzhou Group's design is the most advanced! However, with Mr. Huang, Mr. Peng and others coming over, it can be regarded as a magic needle. I have to say that Qin Tao is still very smart and knows how to coordinate these.
Qin Tao returned home and teased Qin Haiyang. The child was getting older and his habits had changed. He no longer pinched Qin Tao's face.
Qin Tao and his mother-in-law chatted for a while, mainly about the issue of their children going to school. In the evening, Wu Shengli came back, and Weng and his son-in-law started drinking again.
"The military exercise projects are almost coordinated, and they will officially start in about a month. This year's exercise sea area is Damao. Come to us next year, and it will be fixed from now on." Wu Shengli said: "We will do it more often in the future.
Conducting joint military exercises with the navies of other countries can also show our presence and train our team..."
Qin Tao nodded: "Yes, in the future, we, Lao Ba, and other countries will be able to conduct military exercises. We also have to go out, so that we can better sell export-oriented warships."
"Yes, this exercise includes search and rescue, so your Mingzhou Group also participates."
Do we have a share?
What is there? Qin Tao is very curious, this is a matter for the navy!
"Didn't you build a deep-sea lifeboat? It's the Jiaolong, which happened to be brought there this time," Wu Shengli said.
Since it was arranged by his father-in-law, Qin Tao had nothing to say.
"By the way, you can come over if you have time. After all, you and Nikolai are good friends. If there is any miscommunication, it would be better for you to mediate between them."
Qin Tao nodded.
The two talked for a long time, but the topic still did not bring up missile nuclear submarines. It was as if the two of them deliberately avoided the topic. Qin Tao was just thinking about how to speak when the door suddenly opened.
"Leader Wu, there is an international emergency, and the superiors have summoned all leaders for a meeting."
"Emergency?"
"Well, Mr. Qin can turn on the TV. All TV stations around the world are reporting urgently."
Qin Tao curiously looked at the turned on TV. When he got to the news channel, he saw... the burning building.
"**Airline** flight..." The commentator spoke quickly, obviously surprised and nervous.