As the saying goes, all laws return to their origin.
Sometimes, different disciplines, different theories, different sects, and different religions, regardless of their differences, often reach the same conclusion by different paths.
What Freud said is actually a bit like the Confucian thought of benevolent governance. It is also somewhat similar to what Laozi said: "Governing a big country is like cooking a small fish." However, he expressed it more objectively and generally, only mentioning
theory, without giving practical methods of operation.
Zhou Hexuan admired this very much, but soon lost his admiration because Freud's thoughts tended to be pessimistic.
"It is very difficult to achieve an ideal balance," Freud continued. "Although human beings have ego and superego consciousness, which derives rationality and morality. However, human beings are often dominated by instinct.
The influence of my consciousness far exceeds the ego and superego. Therefore, war is inevitable, so society is always in an irrational state, which is uncontrollable and unavoidable."
One of Freud's great achievements in psychology was the discovery that personality is composed of id, ego and superego.
To put it more straightforwardly and popularly, "self" is the natural character, desire, and instinct. For example, you need to eat when you are hungry, and you need to drink water when you are thirsty. "Self" is rational consciousness, for example, things in the store should be bought with money.
, instead of directly robbing. The "superego" is more perfect, and it is the self in morality and ethics, such as respecting the old and loving the young, saving lives and helping the wounded, and serving the country with loyalty.
To put it simply, "id" means "I want to do this", "ego" means "I can do this", and "superego" means "I should do this".
The most criticized thing about Freud is that he exaggerated the "id" to the extreme and believed that individuals, society and the country are all "id" at work, and that instinctive desires drive the development of individuals and society. So he made such a statement
No matter how reasonable it is, the final conclusion is that rationality and morality are often difficult to work. Under the control of instinctive desires, individuals and groups will always choose irrational behaviors. Therefore, wars are unavoidable and personal and social mistakes
It cannot be avoided.
Romain Rolland was the first to be dissatisfied. He argued: "The reason why people are human is because they have noble morals and the pursuit of a bright future. In ancient civilizations, humans were eating hair and drinking blood, and then there were slaves and feudal systems.
It is the pursuit of beauty and kindness that gradually gives rise to freedom and democracy. Instinctive desires always bow before lofty morality, rather than being enslaved by desire. I believe that one day, human beings all over the world will be free
A life of freedom, elimination of poverty and disease, and no fear of war.”
Freud laughed and said: "If you engage in psychological research for a long time, you will find that instinctive desires are like the sea, while reason and morality are just small lakes and rivers. Lakes and rivers can never compete with the sea."
Einstein asked Zhou Hexuan: "Zhou, what do you think?"
Zhou Hexuan smiled and said: "I neither agree with Mr. Romain Rolland's theory of moral victory nor Mr. Freud's theory of instinct dominance. I think the most precious thing for people is reason. Morality cannot last. Instinct can be suppressed. Only reason can
It is the core weight that drives human and social progress.”
Einstein laughed loudly: "Like me, I am also a rationalist."
Freud retorted: "At critical moments, people will always lose their reason and morality and rely on instinctive desires to act."
This topic cannot be discussed further. Freud valued the "id", Romain Rolland supported the "superego", while Zhou Hexuan and Einstein advocated the "ego".
This is the case because their starting points are different. Freud has been dealing with mental patients for many years and is well aware of the terrifying dominance of instinctive desires; while Romain Rolland belongs to the Virgin (comfort). He has abandoned personal and national interests and pursues
happiness for all mankind.
As for Einstein and Zhou Hexuan, although they also love peace and oppose war, they have always maintained their own rationality and will never be as crazy as Romain Rolland. They have their own principles and bottom lines, and all their actions are in accordance with this principle.
To proceed based on the bottom line, he is a very typical rationalist.
Romain Rolland was still insisting on his opinion. He said: "The brilliance of human nature is great. Take this international non-war conference as an example. Why is this conference held? It is because human beings pursue justice and light, and their desires must be restrained, so we can
Come together."
Freud poured cold water on him: "You are one of the few people who can transcend. People like you are very rare. You can't stop the coming of war, just like morality can't defeat instinct. I don't care about your non-war meeting.
Be optimistic, talking about it won’t yield any results.”
"The discussion can't produce any results, and it's not because instinctive desires are too strong," Zhou Hexuan said. "Every country in the world has its own interests. For example, Japan's invasion of China violated the interests of European and American powers. But why is appeasement popular in the world now?
It was because the great powers' own national conditions were so bad that no one was willing to go to war during the Great Depression. Moreover, the lessons learned from the European War (World War I) showed that war would bring horrific consequences, so based on rational judgment, the great powers chose appeasement."
Romain Rolland asked: "Zhou, aren't you optimistic about this meeting too?"
"Yes," Zhou Hexuan nodded and said, "I can only appeal for peace as much as possible, but this kind of appeal must explain the truth to the powers in advance, explain the harm caused by the spread of fascism, and let the powers themselves weigh the pros and cons, so that they can
Come to a rational judgment.”
Einstein echoed: "Zhou is right. Only when countries see the horror of the spread of war will they stand up and stop the war. It is useless to just talk about peace and beauty. Morality is just a set of conventional rules, and
Rules are often made to be broken."
Romain Rolland insisted: "No matter what, we must work hard for peace and freedom. I believe that the future of mankind is bright, but it has not yet reached that historical stage."
No matter how naive he is and how unrealistic his approach is, Zhou Hexuan must admire a saint like Roland Roland.
Human civilization needs such people. The beautiful qualities they represent are the ultimate pursuit of the general public and represent the bright future of mankind. They are like beacons in the dark night. The light they emit guides mankind on the right path.
.
Zhou Hexuan chatted with the three masters all day, and the next day Freud went to The Hague to attend a medical conference. Einstein and Romain Rolland stayed in Amsterdam to wait for the non-war conference.
Anti-war people from all over the world gathered in Amsterdam one after another.
Zhou Hexuan soon met another respectable female mother of the country, Mrs. Sun.