In August 1885, the two improved Dingyuan battleships ordered by the Han Dynasty from the Vulcan Shipyard in Germany were completed and returned to China. Among the personnel who returned to South America with the two battleships, except for the local ships dispatched in October 1882,
Ship mechanics and naval officers and soldiers, as well as more than 400 German ship designers, experts and mechanics, will be responsible for guiding all the mechanics of Xinjing Shipyard to complete the construction task of two 3,500-ton armored cruisers.
In September 1887, all the technicians of Xinjing Shipyard and the two main technical backbones of Xing'an Shipyard and Royal Shipyard were gathered together. It took two years, one year longer than the same period of construction at the German Volcan Shipyard. Two years
A 3,500-ton armored cruiser finally passed the technical inspection, and all technical indicators met the launch requirements.
In November 1887, two armored cruisers were delivered to the Atlantic Fleet and Pacific Fleet respectively. At this point, the Han Navy had a total of two cutting-edge battleships, two new armored cruisers, two 3200-ton cruisers, and eight 1350-ton cruisers.
Including light cruisers, more than 60 torpedo ships of various types, supply ships, communication ships, and large transport ships, there are nearly 80 ships of various types in total,
The total tonnage of the navy's main ships ranks second in South America, not far behind the Chilean Navy, which ranks second in South America, and is generally at the same level.
From 1880 to 1889, the overall combat level of the navy and army improved to expected standards.
In September 1886, after the local technology was introduced and digested, the independently manufactured 150mm heavy guns and 150mm naval guns were successively installed in the army and navy.
In November 1888, more than 100,000 main troops of the National Defense Force completed the task of replacing new weapons. The Mosin-Nagant rifle was imitated and the Jianye 6-year-old rifle using single-base gunpowder replaced the Hanhua 1875-style rifle and became the army's standard weapon.
, at the same time, the Jianye 5-year-old heavy machine gun, the country's first heavy machine gun, with overall better weapon performance than the first-generation Maxim machine gun, also replaced the Gatling hand-cranked machine gun and became the main weapon of company and battalion-level army units.
Supportive heavy firepower.
The 1880s and 1990s were an era when the second industrial revolution was in the ascendant. A large number of new technologies emerged during this period, and new technologies quickly replaced old technologies. Many of the improved technologies that were just developed ten or five years ago were
It is likely to be replaced by another technology with superior performance and lower cost.
Therefore, in order to prevent the technology that has been painstakingly developed to maintain its advantage for only a few years before being cracked by other Western countries, the Han government will include the mono-based gunpowder discovered by French scientists in 1884 and the gunpowder discovered by Nobel in 1888.
Double-based gunpowder and other nearly a hundred types of technologies that have been cracked within ten years have been used as exchange chips to conduct large-scale technological exchanges and exchanges with Britain, France...Germany and Italy. From the hands of Western countries, large and small three
More than 100 emerging technologies provide a technical reserve foundation for the local industrialization to take off.
Openness, mutual assistance, and technology sharing are the slogans proposed by the Han government for technological exchanges between countries. Between 1880 and 1889, the export and exchange of nearly a hundred new technologies were alleviated to a certain extent. Due to the earlier war, the
Due to the tense relations between Britain, France and Italy, the economic exchanges between the countries are gradually becoming more open and closer. The chemical, electrical and other products produced locally in Han are also allowed to enter many European countries such as Germany and Austria-Hungary, and occupy
a small portion of the market share.
The Han government's move to seek cooperation with countries all over the world and conduct technology exchanges not only made up for many shortcomings of local industry, but also provided a channel for the export of local industrial goods.
At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, the Western powers were in a period of imperialist economy, and the most typical feature of the imperialist economy was trade protectionism. Only domestic goods were allowed to enter the domestic market and the colonies affiliated with the country, and foreign goods were not allowed to enter.
, absolutely cannot enter the domestic market.
The huge colonial market provided a huge industrial market for Britain and France. A large number of local industrial goods were transported through oceans and entered the colonies, and then dumped in a monopolistic manner, ultimately obtaining extremely considerable economic benefits.
After the completion of the industrial revolution, the local industrial market of late-developing industrial countries can no longer meet the needs of industrial development, so they must move towards the path of expanding overseas markets. This is also the reason why late-developing industrial powers such as the United States and Germany challenged the British and French colonial order at the beginning of the 20th century.
main reason.
Compared with Germany and the United States, Han's current level of industrialization has not yet reached the level of saturation of the local market. However, when the first ten-year development plan is about to be completed, in the face of the rapid expansion of local industrial production capacity, it is necessary to plan in advance for the local market.
The future overseas market layout of products is already an important matter before the government.
In the late 1870s, the Englishman Thomas solved the problem of dephosphorization of phosphorus-containing iron ore by adding lime into the dolomite-lined Bessemer converter.
This technological breakthrough makes it possible to widely utilize phosphate-containing iron ore to improve the quality of steel and reduce production costs.
In 1879, the Germans cracked the steel smelting method invented by Thomas and applied it to the local steel smelting industry.
In the early 1890s, I learned about the spread and proliferation of the Thomas smelting method among European countries.
The Han government responded quickly to this latest technological achievement.
In December 1882, led by the Chinese Embassy in Germany, the Han Iron and Steel Consortium eagerly introduced this technology to Han. As a result, Han's steel production increased by leaps and bounds. The following year, Han's steel production increased by leaps and bounds.
Thomas Steel has 1,782 tons and Bessemer Steel has 11,000 tons.
By the beginning of 1889, affected by the large-scale railway construction,
Han's local crude steel production reached 240,000 tons per year, and pig iron production reached 310,000 tons per year.
In the same year, world crude steel production reached 10 million tons.
The United States ranks first in the world with 4.02 million tons.
The UK ranks second in the world, with output increasing to 3.536 million tons.
Germany ranks third in the world, following the United Kingdom with 2.01 million tons.
Although France ranks fourth, its output is only 700,000 tons, which is far behind the top three.
Russia's output increased slowly to 378,000 tons, maintaining its fifth position in the world.
Han's crude steel production ranks eighth in the world after Austria-Hungary and Italy.
Local steel production has made great strides into the top ten in the world. The total length of local railways has increased from 2,000 kilometers in 1879 to 6,000 kilometers. Representative industries of the second industrial revolution such as chemicals, electrical appliances, and internal combustion engines have even more
It developed by leaps and bounds in Han Dynasty.
The large-scale chemical industry strategy is the top priority of the ten-year development plan. Twenty-one years after the founding of the country, and ten years of leapfrog development, the large-scale chemical industry has become the fastest growing national industry in the large industrial field of Han Dynasty and the most proud of the people.
Polymer chemical branch field,
Local researchers mixed and heated sulfur with natural rubber to produce elastic materials with better performance.
It is used in bicycle pneumatic tires and other rubber products and has a wide range of uses.
In 1887, using Goodyear technology and introduced wire drawing technology, the Han Chinese Chemical Industry Society established the first rayon factory in Xinjing.
Coal chemical industry branch field,
In February 1883, the Han Academy of Sciences successfully built a coke oven with a chemical recovery device in Yangzhou, which extracted a large amount of aromatic hydrocarbons from coal tar and used them as raw materials for medicine, dyes and other industries.
Photosensitive materials field,
In 1884, under the leadership of the Chang'an Municipal Government, the Chang'an Film Company was established. Its main products were photographic dry plates and film.
In March 1888, Chang'an Film Company began to produce photographic film and film, thus opening the door to photography technology.
In June 1888, the films produced by Chang'an Film Company entered the European market. In August, the first batch of films were sold out, and the quality of the films was widely praised. In December 1888, Chang'an Film Company occupied 20% of the international film market.
, tied with the American Kodak Film Company as the world's two largest film manufacturers.
Textile dye field,
In May 1882, researchers from the Academy of Chemical Sciences synthesized isatin from phenylacetic acid, thereby completing the total synthesis of indigo technology.
In January 1883, local chemical researchers used high-temperature roasting to complete the technical reserve of synthesizing organic matter (lignite, sawdust, paper, leather, etc.) with sodium sulfide and sulfur into brown sulfur dye.
In 1885, Liu Linping, a returned overseas student, used low temperature, drying and other conditions to control,
Soak the ethanol sodium salt solution on the cotton cloth, and then use acetonitrile gum diazonium salt to develop the color, and the red color will appear on the cotton fiber.
Because ice is used to maintain low temperatures during the dyeing process, this dye is called ice dye.
While local chemical dye technology is developing rapidly, dye technology in Western countries is also in a stage of rapid improvement.
A total of hundreds of new chemical dye companies have been established in Western countries such as the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Italy, Switzerland, and the United States, including Germany's Baden Aniline Soda Ash, Hoechst, Bayer AG, and the British Bnemen Chemical Industry Company.
DuPont of the United States and Ciba Geigy and Sandoz of Switzerland are the most famous companies. In the international dye market, these foreign chemical companies compete with large local chemical companies such as Royal Alkali Company, Susong Textile Company, and Jiangnan Textile Company.
Fierce competition for international market share.
Rubber branch field,
Since Han is the largest producer of natural rubber raw materials in the world, it has raw material cost advantages and technical reserve advantages.
Therefore, after 1884, the initially formed Han rubber industry was able to produce rubber cloths, rubber shoes, rubber hoses, rubber sheets and some daily necessities. These rubber products relied on their price advantages and scarcity to quickly seize the international rubber product market, thereby promoting
We have enabled large local enterprises, led by Royal Rubber Manufacturing Company and Luozhou Rubber Industry Group, to go abroad and complete the transformation from local state-owned enterprises to large international trust enterprises.
By 1889, the international market share occupied by local rubber companies reached 42%, and a monopoly structure was initially formed.
Soda ash industry,
In 1876, the Han government used the introduced Solvay process to establish the Royal Alkali Manufacturing Company in the country to engage in the production of soda ash and other chemical products.
In February 1886, the Royal Alkali Company completed the technical improvement of the Solvay process, which reduced the price of soda ash per ton from 52 Chinese yuan to 28 Chinese yuan after large-scale production.
The price and production cost of soda ash have been greatly reduced. The soda ash produced by the Royal Soda Company has surpassed the German Bayer Company and has become the most popular product in the international soda ash market. However, limited by the protection of the domestic market by European powers, soda ash has not been as popular as the domestic market.
Scarce or niche industrial products such as rubber and film will have the opportunity to compete fairly with companies in the same industry in European countries.
After 1887, the share of the international soda ash market occupied by Chinese companies remained stagnant, while companies such as the German Bayer Company and the British Burnemann Chemical Company used trade agreements between European countries to quickly occupy the European market share and continue to shrink.
The sales gap with soda ash manufacturing enterprises in China...