After the signing of the Washington Treaty, Romania quietly struggled for its naval dream.
In the Asia Minor Peninsula, there is also a group of people fighting for their homeland, and that is the Turks. As punishment for the defeat of the Ottoman Empire, Britain, France and other countries confirmed it in the Treaty of Sèvres.
The content is as follows: The west of the Catarga line was ceded to Greece, and the sovereignty west of Suik to Buhaniye was temporarily transferred to Turkey. Five years later (1925), a referendum was held to decide whether to be annexed to Greece; the east of Kiresun on the Black Sea coast was
Xinjiang, west of Mushi, Bitlis and south of Lake Van returned to the newly established Armenia.
As the strait area connecting the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, it will become a demilitarized zone, but the Allied Powers have the right to military operations in the area. The United States, Britain, France, Italy, Japan, and Romania formed the "Strait Management Committee" to be responsible for shipping in the area.
Lighthouse management and navigation matters.
The territory of Arabia and Iraq that originally belonged to the Ottomans was ceded to Britain and France, and a new protectorate was established. Among them, the south of Karatash and Mardin went to Syria, and the south of Mosul went to Iraq.
The Ottomans must abolish conscription, the national military strength must not exceed 45,000, and there must be no heavy weapons, air force, navy, or large merchant ships.
Taxes generated by the Ottoman Empire were given priority to pay war reparations and the costs of the Allied occupation troops.
Restore extraterritoriality. Even if any regime succeeds the Ottoman Empire in the future, extraterritoriality will still apply. After the Turkish people are naturalized in any of the Allied Powers, they will be protected by extraterritoriality and no longer need to pay taxes to the Ottoman government.
If the terms are not implemented to the Allies' liking, Istanbul will be occupied.
This clause can be said to limit the Ottoman territory to the peninsula of Asia Minor, and it no longer has the management rights of the Black Sea Strait. The coast of the Aegean Sea was also assigned to Greece, and a new country (the newly established Armenia) will be born in its east
Including Rize, Erzurum, Mush, Wacheng and many other provinces in present-day Turkey, with a territory of about 110,000 square kilometers).
Its territory has also been reduced from direct to 540,000 square kilometers. You must know that the territory of the Ottoman Empire before World War I was about 2.1 million square kilometers. This was completely divided.
However, in the face of pressure from the Allies, Sultan Muhammad VI immediately held a cabinet meeting and the agreement was adopted. Faced with such harsh terms, it aroused strong opposition from nationalists and the bourgeoisie. They established the Turkish Congress in Ankara
National Assembly, with Kemal as its leader.
Faced with the violent resistance that broke out in Turkey, Britain, France and other countries instigated Greece to launch a war against it. As its king, Constantine was originally exiled because he opposed Greece's joining the Entente. However, after the death of his son Alexander I, he took back the throne (he was
died three days later due to an infection caused by a monkey bite), and immediately mobilized troops to launch an offensive towards Ankara after receiving support from Britain and France.
The Greek army once pushed the front line to the Sakarya River, less than 30 kilometers away from Ankara. However, as its leader, Kemal, in critical moments, personally went to the front line to take command (King Constantine of Greece also went to the front line as the commander-in-chief)
).
In the Turkish army's counterattack, the Greek army was defeated. 250,000 people suffered casualties in this war. This was an unforgettable defeat for Greece.
At the same time, this defeat also caused Constantine to lose his throne, and six people including former Prime Minister Gounaris were sentenced to death.
After the defeat of Greece, Britain, France and other countries saw that they could not force the Turks to accept the Treaty of Sèvres by force, so they had no choice but to renegotiate.
In Lausanne, Switzerland, the two parties conducted renegotiations. After some bargaining, the results of the negotiations were finally recognized by all countries (mainly Turkey).
There are 143 articles in the treaty, the main contents are:
① Announcing the formal restoration of peace between the Allied Powers and Türkiye from the date of entry into force of the treaty.
②The Allies recognized Turkey's independence and territorial integrity within the mainland of Asia Minor, and confirmed Turkey's borders from the Black Sea to the Aegean Sea, the Mediterranean to Persia (today's Iran); East Thrace and Izmir were returned to Turkey, Armenia and
Some minority areas such as Kurdistan are still owned by Turkey; the issue of the ownership of the oil producing area of Mosul will be resolved later (the 1926 Anglo-Turkish Agreement assigned the Mosul area to British-administered Iraq).
③Turkey gave up its territorial claims to Egypt, Tunisia, Morocco, Libya and other places that were formerly part of the Ottoman Empire that were carved up by Britain, France, Italy and other countries, and recognized Britain's claim to Cyprus and Italy's claim to Zozekanisos (today's South Spora)
annexation of the Zes Islands.
④ Both parties mutually waive their claims for compensation for the losses caused by the First World War and the armed intervention of the Allied Powers in Turkey; Turkey repays part of the foreign debt of the former Ottoman Empire; the contracting parties announce the cancellation of all extraterritorial rights and financial and customs supervision rights in Turkey.
Implement customs autonomy.
⑤ The strait area shall be demilitarized, and the contracting parties shall declare their agreement on the principle of freedom of sea and air passage and navigation in the strait area; the strait area shall not be fortified or stationed with armed forces, and shall be supervised by the International Commission (also known as the Straits Commission).
The newly signed Treaty of Lausanne made Türkiye the only defeated country that dared to resist.
Edel looked at the signed treaty and remembered another thing in his mind. That was when the British and French ambassadors visited him after Greece's defeat, they deliberately tested whether Romania was willing to send troops to Turkey. Faced with the temptation of Britain and France
, Edel asked about the price of sending troops. When he heard that Britain and France were unwilling to assign the Straits area to any country, Edel lost interest in continuing the discussion.
Yes, Edel had secretly traded arms to Turkey before, but this was based on his ambition for the Strait area. Since Romania cannot obtain the Strait area, what reason does he have to get involved. If he really treats Romania as a thug, he must
Give an attractive price. Today's Romania is not like before World War I, where people would help for a small profit.
In fact, what he was more concerned about was the agreement reached between Germany and Russia in April. Because it was signed in Raballo, Italy, it was also called the "Treaty of Raballo." The most important thing about this treaty was that Germany recognized the Soviet government.
It was also the first country to recognize Soviet Russia.
In addition, both countries agreed to cancel all pre-war debts and abandon wartime demands. In return for Germany's recognition, Soviet Russia and Germany also signed very favorable trade concessions.
This made the representatives of various countries who were preparing to negotiate with the Soviet Union in Genoa feel a little overwhelmed. Because the content of the Genoa negotiations was that Soviet Russia recognized and repaid the foreign debts borrowed by the Tsarist government before and during the war. In return, various countries would recognize Soviet Russia.
government.
Now Germany has taken the lead in recognizing Soviet Russia, preventing all countries from unifying. However, countries do not know what to do with Germany's current actions. France has severely criticized Germany's private agreement, and its behavior is an offense to all countries.
, believing that it should be severely punished. However, the United Kingdom does not agree with this. Who can not know France's little thoughts. As long as Germany is involved, severe punishment will inevitably be imposed.
The disagreement between Britain and France brought this discussion about private actions against Germany to an abrupt end.
In the end, the Genoa Conference failed to reach any results, and the talks between various countries and Soviet Russia broke up.
