After various countries broke up with them at the Genoa Conference due to the Soviet Union's foreign debt problem, Edel's eyes are still focused here. Because the current situation in Italy is extremely chaotic, all of which were caused by the war.
Before World War I, Italy's economy was good, and its fiscal revenue and national income were higher than those of Austria-Hungary (this is true after finding a lot of information). However, Italy showed its original shape when it came to coal, iron, and grain, which showed the country's strength.
Steel production is 1.42 million tons, and Austria-Hungary, which is one higher than him, has 5 million tons. Let’s not mention coal. The production of 700,000 tons is laughable. Japan, which is short of coal in its own country, has 14 million tons, not to mention other products.
Countries produce tens of millions or hundreds of millions of tons. As for grain, Italy is still at the bottom with 8.1 million tons.
More importantly, Italy's performance in the war was really bad. The battle to stab Austria-Hungary in the back caused Italy to be hit hard in the northern mountainous area, and even required rescue from Britain and France. The navy's performance was slightly better, but it was only limited to
Blockade the Austro-Hungarian fleet.
Poor performance on the battlefield was ultimately reflected in post-war results.
The original conditions given by Britain and France to Italy were to grant Tyrol, Trieste, Istria, part of the Dalmatian coast and the Dodecanese Islands where Greeks lived. Italy was also allowed to expand its colonies in Africa.
and participated in the partition of the Ottoman Empire.
However, the final result was that only Trieste and South Tyrol were given, and the rest were not. Especially the Istria Peninsula and the Dalmatian Coast, which are most coveted by Italy, were not obtained. If
When it comes to these two places, Italy will basically have exclusive control of the Adriatic Sea. However, these two places have been assigned to Serbia (this is one of the reasons why the relationship between Italy and Yugoslavia was tense before World War II).
The Italian citizens who failed to gain enough benefits and suffered heavy losses due to the war quit, and they ousted Prime Minister Orlando who negotiated. So from 1919 to when Mussolini came to power, Italy experienced rapid growth in just three years.
Five prime ministers have changed, which is a manifestation of the violent turmoil in Italian politics.
Of course, the chaos in the political arena also affects other aspects, and what makes people feel the most is the economy and public security. After the war, the Italian economy has never returned to the pre-war level. And in terms of public security, the world-famous mafia has also
Riots broke out all over Italy. Their kidnappings, extortions, vendettas and a series of other actions made the people miserable. The chaos in the political arena made these mafia increasingly arrogant, and at this time a war reporter broke into the political arena.
Benito Mussolini was born in a small town called Predapio in the province of Ferrara, Italy. The young Mussolini spent three years in the local primary school, and then he was sent to the Salesians to start a school.
After studying in a boarding school, he was expelled from the school for fighting with his classmates.
Mussolini then continued his studies at the Carducci Normal School in Forimpopoli and obtained his diploma with good results in 1901. In 1902, he began to live in exile around the world, working as a substitute teacher and fighting
Working part-time, having no fixed place to live, and not having enough food to eat.
In 1905, Mussolini joined the Socialist Party. In 1912, he served as the editor-in-chief of the Socialist Party’s organ, Forward. In 1914, he left the Socialist Party and founded the Italian People’s Daily. From 1915 to 1917, he was drafted into the army. In June 1917,
Mussolini was discharged from the army due to injury and once again served as editor-in-chief of "Italian People".
During this period, Mussolini was deeply influenced by Nietzsche's voluntarism. He praised the subjective fighting spirit, emphasized that the purpose of life is to exert power, and believed that "Superman" was the creator of history. Mussolini also studied Pareto's
works, and therefore opposes national politics.
He said: "Equality and government by the people are wrong concepts of human beings. If implemented, the development of personality will be restricted." He also studied the philosophy of Nietzsche and Sorel, which had a great influence on his later thoughts.
The chaos in the political arena gave Mussolini considerable help. He used his newspapers to vigorously promote his communist theory. He believed that a great country must centralize power in order to ensure development and allow the people to live and work in peace and contentment. For this reason, he also vigorously promoted
Examples ranged from Caesar in ancient times to Napoleon in modern times, and even Eder of Romania was briefly mentioned by him (I was flattered).
With his outstanding eloquence and propaganda, Mussolini established the National Communist Party in 1922. A large number of people who were disappointed with the government joined it, and he was also called the "leader" by his followers.
Mussolini, who formed the National Democratic Party, soon received a major opportunity. Because of the increase in the cost of living and workers' growing dissatisfaction with their meager wages, a large-scale strike broke out in Italy in 1922.
In fact, Mussolini had no prejudice against striking workers, but as a politician, he knew that his opportunity had come.
The reason is very simple. Only the government has the ability to stop the strike. However, the current chaos in the Italian political arena makes the government's actions to stop the strike empty talk. At this time, as long as the *** party can quell the strike, it will greatly increase the popularity of its party and itself.
Prestige. This is a very tempting move for the Communist Party.
What is more secret and cannot be said is that as long as he can solve the strike problem, he will be able to let wealthy factory owners donate generously. To put it bluntly, politics is a money-burning game, and the Communist Party understands this very clearly.
So he commanded his own Communist Party members to sabotage the strike action. The result was also satisfactory to him. The strike craze in various places was quelled by the Communist Party members.
At this time, public opinion praised the actions of the Communist Party, and at the same time called Mussolini the savior of Italy, and he also had greater ambitions amidst the praise. Since he was called the savior of Italy,
So why can't he solve the current chaos in Italian politics?
After having this idea, Mussolini immediately planned to realize his ambition. Years of chaos in the political arena made him feel that there were too many uncertainties in relying on elections, so he thought of seizing power by force.
If he wanted to seize power, he had to ensure that the army would not object. So he expressed goodwill to the army. In the newspaper, he publicly announced that the Communist Party had special respect for the army of Vettori Avinais and took the opportunity to win over the top brass of the army.
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At the same time, he also organized the Nazis into a more militarized Black Shirt Army. These were also composed of the young, strong and most fanatical party members. They only needed an order from the leader to attack Rome.
Go ahead and tear those noisy members of Congress into pieces.
When he felt that he was almost ready, Mussolini ordered the national mobilization of the Communist Party at the Communist Headquarters and established a Supreme Headquarters. Then the Supreme Headquarters issued a message to the people across the country and announced the march to Rome. At the same time, he advised the army
The police told them not to fight with them, saying that their goal was only to overthrow the decadent ruling class, comfort the property owners not to be afraid, and declare to protect the legitimate rights of workers and peasants. They also threatened that the Communist Party was loyal to the royal family and intended to win over the Italian royalists.
Trying to reduce the resistance to seizing power.
After everything was ready, Mussolini issued the "Revolutionary Manifesto", and then hundreds of thousands of black troops set off for Rome.
When the Communists marched towards Rome, most of the government troops and police along the route strictly maintained neutrality. Only a small number of people led by the Communist Party blocked and opposed it, but due to the excessive disparity in strength, they were suppressed by the Communists.
After Mao Zedong issued a declaration of war, almost all political parties were frightened. Some surrendered obediently, some begged for mercy and asked Mao Zedong to show mercy. Some were like mice, hiding secretly. Even
A group of congressmen came to the Milan newspaper office to see Mussolini. They wanted to exchange the central government for an armistice or truce treaty.
Faced with the request for peace from this group of cowardly politicians, Mussolini would certainly not agree. He was still waiting for news, which was the king's approval.
He was not kept waiting for long. One day later, the king's aide-de-camp, General Sidadini, asked Mussolini to come to Rome as soon as possible. The king wanted to put the important task of forming a cabinet on him. Mussolini's gamble won, and at the same time, it also made him *
In just over a year, the Communist Party has gone from a newly formed political party to the country's ruling party. And his way of seizing power has also attracted the attention and learning of many people.
