At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, with the disintegration of the Kushan Dynasty, Kushan refugees moved into the Tarim Basin. The Qilin script declined in India, where it was produced, but suddenly became popular in several countries in the ancient Western Regions, and became the national language at that time.
, so it began to spread in Khotan, Shanshan and other places. By around the 5th century, Qilun script was not used in any country and became a dead script.
So the question comes -
Why did the Loulan Dynasty use this script that has become extinct in Central Asia?
Could it be that the "Loulan ethnic group" are "foreigners" who immigrated from Central Asia?
So what migration routes did they take?
Were there native Aboriginal people living in the area before they moved in? What was their relationship with the Aboriginal people?
There are two Qilu writing systems in China, one for Khotanese and the other for Shanshan language. There are mainly four types of Qilu writing materials discovered in Xinjiang: the king’s edicts, official and
Personal letters, various contract scrolls, and a small amount of household tax books.
The Khalo script was first introduced to Khotan, but the language used in Khotan was not suitable for the Khalo script, so the Khalo script was not widely used among the people and was only used among nobles and religious people.
Just like in modern times, there are also many people who are confused by the ancient classical Chinese.
In fact, in ancient times, the speaking style of those high-ranking officials was also very normal. It was not very different from the modern vernacular and everyone could understand it. The reason why the written characters left behind are so strange is due to the feudal class system.
In ancient times, the number of people who could receive knowledge and education was not as large as it is now. Therefore, there is a saying that "everything is inferior but reading is superior", which refers to the superiority of intellectuals. Just like even in the Republic of China, Kong Yiji went to buy fennel beans.
Being ridiculed, I couldn't help but say, "What happens to scholars, can that be considered stealing?"
These educated people, who have studied for several years, think that their cultural level has become higher. In order to distinguish themselves from ordinary people, they have developed a set of "written language" like a doctor's mad wolf from ancient times.
This kind of written language was initially obscure and difficult to understand. Written communication between literati and the transmission of letters relied on this system. Later, after the continuous improvement of the system by literati, many other grammatical and sentence structures were added, and then it began to have a preliminary meaning.
readability.
Having said that, I have to talk about Shakespeare, who has made outstanding contributions to several major clauses in English.
It was this outstanding dramatist who had been dead for hundreds of years. Long before the Renaissance, he spontaneously adjusted the chaotic English words and sentence patterns in his tragedies and comedies, and gained the reputation.
The clauses and more than 1,700 English words that frightened the flowers of the motherland have created a situation that is now causing headaches for countless saplings receiving nine-year compulsory education.
In his later years, Galileo was criticized by his students because he did not dare to adhere to the heliocentric theory: "A country without heroes is unfortunate."
"No, a country in need of heroes is unfortunate." Galileo replied.
But even though Galileo said this, in any great country, there is never a shortage of heroes. Real heroes are never created, but spontaneously walk in the forefront of countless citizens and lead them to progress.
Shakespeare in the Renaissance is a hero, Hu Shi and Lu Xun are also heroes, and Ji Xianlin, the master of Chinese studies who can truly transform Luwen, which had become a dead text thousands of years ago, and is still remembered today, is undoubtedly an even more heroic person.
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From archaeological discoveries, we know that the official script used by Loulan people is Qilu script.
Of course, the Tierun script discovered in Loulan is only a religious and official language, not a living language. The language spoken by their own people is Tocharian, which is also an Indo-European language and has long become a "dead language."
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According to statistics from later generations, Ji Xianlin, a master of Chinese studies, had ten major academic achievements in his life. Interpreting and studying Tocharian texts was the third of his ten major academic achievements.
It is generally believed that the initial successful interpretation of Tocharian script was marked by the "Tocharian Fragments" published by German professors E. Sieg and W. Siegling in 1921. They based on Tocharian numerals, relatives
The fact that names, names of domestic animals and names of various parts of the human body correspond completely to other Indo-European languages first confirmed that it belongs to the Indo-European language family. Ten years later, in 1931, E. Sieg, W. Siegling, and W. Schulze published a masterpiece
The publication of "Grammar of Tocharian" means that the interpretation of Tocharian begins to follow rules. However, in Tocharian, there are still quite a few words whose semantics and grammar cannot be determined.
In 1939, Professor E. Sieg, who was already in his 80s, was temporarily appointed to supervise the doctoral thesis of Ji Xianlin, who was studying at the University of Göttingen in Germany. E. Sieg clearly told Ji Xianlin that he would be given four unique skills, one of which
That is to interpret Tocharian script.
But it was all the efforts of Ji Xianlin, the master of Chinese studies, that made this language that was supposed to be a "dead language" come back to life in written records. Jiang Yunsu, who was born that year, learned about it and quickly mastered it.
, and then taught Li Lvyan.
Li Lvyan stroked the familiar words with his hand, feeling an unreasonable familiarity lingering in his heart.
These characters are twisted in all sorts of strange ways and are as difficult to understand as the unpredictable Shui Shu.
Jing Qiongshuang's eyebrows moved slightly, and when she saw that Li Lvyan's face was not confused, but a look of reminiscence, she immediately said softly, "What? Did you find anything?"
One word awakens the dreamer.
Li Lvyan calmed down his emotions slightly, stood up straight, and fired at the entire audience. He commanded calmly and stretched out four fingers.
"Four found."
Um?
The black-glasses eyebrows moved, somewhat unexpectedly: he only found two unusual things, while Li Lvyan had four?
I immediately took my time to watch what he was going to say.
"First, this is not an ordinary tomb, this should be an altar."
Black Glasses and Jing Qiongshuang were noncommittal, and they both saw this.
"Secondly, the object of worship on this altar is nothing else. The object of worship is the figure in the sarcophagus. The reason why this figure is enshrined is unknown, but his status is not low, so it is conceivable."
Jing Qiongshuang was a little surprised: she did recognize that it was an altar, but she did not boldly guess that the contents of the sarcophagus were related to the subject of the sacrifice. The reason why she also believed that what Li Lvyan said was true was that
It's because of the number of stone steps, the surrounding layout, and most importantly -
Looking at the flat land below, it looks flat, but in fact there are small, long snake-like curves, intertwined and intertwined, like snakes in heat having sex together, and ultimately pointing to a central point in the middle, and that center
A dot is a small hole only the size of a thumb.
The intertwined curves have red blood stains that have dried up after more than a thousand years. They gather along the recesses and eventually flow to a common destination.
What is buried in this sarcophagus?
"what else?"
Black Glasses said in a hoarse voice: He was waiting, waiting for Li Lvyan to say the key point.
"My suggestion is that it is best not to open this sarcophagus, because according to my guess, the things in this sarcophagus are very likely to be alive, and they are definitely not good people, and they are probably beyond our human power to resist."
Apart from the patterns on the outside of the sarcophagus, there was nothing that could hint at the information inside the sarcophagus. Li Lvyan suddenly said this, and in an instant, Wogua, Jing Qiongshuang, and Black Glasses were all stunned.
"What was alive thousands of years ago?"
Li Lvyan shook his head slightly, "I don't know, it's just intuition."
"have no idea--"
Black Glasses carefully chewed what Li Lvyan said just now, and continued, "Then what was the last point you said?"
Pointing to the pattern on the side wall, "This is it. This is not an ordinary pattern. It is popular in Loulan. It is a religious and official language called Qi Luwen."
"You can see what it says!"
This is an affirmative sentence of black glasses, not a question.
Sure enough, Li Lvyan nodded, "This is exactly what I got after observing. With these words, I can say the third point just now."
What is it?
So what exactly was written?
Seeing the expectant looks in the eyes of the three of them, Li Lvyan immediately stopped trying to hold on, but when he saw these words again, his soul was still trembling and burning.
With difficulty, he opened his mouth, only to find that his throat was in pain as if it was being burned, and he could hardly make a sound. Only his soul remained awake, and his whole body was not burned by these words. It seemed that these curses and vicious whispers had corroded him.
While losing his appearance, it also eroded his internal organs.
So far, there are four types of writing left in the world, which can no longer be deciphered.
One is the original Elamite text of Susa.
Proto-Elamite is as old as the earliest writing systems used by humans. In other words, this script belongs to the same period as Sumerian writing, which is considered the earliest writing system of mankind. But about 500 years before Elamite appeared, Proto-Elamite
The Arabic script appeared in Susa, the capital of the Elamite Dynasty.
Archaeologists have discovered about 1,600 tablets engraved with proto-Elamite script, which is likely to be related to proto-cuneiform, the direct predecessor of Sumerian hieroglyphics, because the two are similar in some aspects.
Striking similarities. Unlike Sumerian cuneiform, Proto-Elamite existed for a shorter period of time, only about a century or two. It is difficult to determine which of the two writing systems emerged earlier. In any case, in the past
Among all known writings, Proto-Elamite writing is the oldest writing that has not yet been deciphered.
The second is the Proto-Sinaitic writing system.
This alphabet system is 6 centuries earlier than the birth of the Phenic alphabet. Because it is similar to the original Canaanite alphabet and hieroglyphs, scientists have deciphered a small part of the letters, but most of them remain unsolved. The people who lived a wandering life
Canaanite miners probably passed these letters to the Syro-Palestinian region, where the later Panic alphabet was born.
The third one is Linear A and Cretan hieroglyphics.
Crete was the bridge connecting ancient Greece and the Middle East. In order to facilitate recording in trade and sacrifices, Phoenician writing was introduced into ancient Greece from the entrance of Crete. It is a more ancient and also derived from
The language of Crete is a script that evolved after being influenced by the Greek language, and this older script is called Linear A.
The fourth is the Iberian script.
The pre-Roman Empire culture of the Iberian Peninsula was full of mystery, and there were very few descriptions of Iberia and Celtic Iberian civilization in classic works. It was not until the end of the 3rd century BC that the Carthaginian invasion
After the Iberian Peninsula and the Second Punic War broke out between Carthage and Rome to compete for hegemony in the Mediterranean, relevant documents began to increase.
In the eyes of historians, the history of the Iberian Peninsula before this point in time has always been vague, and it is very difficult to reconstruct this history. Only from archeology can we get an understanding of the residents who lived in the Iberian Peninsula before this time.
A little knowledge.
These four major texts have not been completely
Before being cracked, Lu Wen and Shui Shu were jointly ranked at the top of the list. However, because there is no shortage of heroic figures in the world, the most embarrassing mystery is now in the hands of a few people.
Li Lvyan held back the tremors in his heart and the tremors all over his body, and the words he spat out softly were like the most terrifying curses and vicious prophecies in the world.
Anyone who enters this altar shall be cursed by me: your blood shall be my blood; your bones shall be my bones. There shall be no separation.
If there are any evil deeds or disrespect, their destiny will end at this moment and they will fall into hell, and they will never be able to be reborn in eternity.
In hell, your heart should be my heart; your soul should be my soul. You will not be free and happy.
All of your lifeblood will immediately be used as food for the messengers from the underworld below, and you will achieve eternal immortality through me!
It is said that the annual Ghost Festival is the most yin-filled day of the year.
On this day, the gates of ghosts will be wide open, and countless stragglers and souls from the underworld will come to the underworld to look for food. It can be said that the evil spirit is overwhelming, but every door is guarded by door gods, so as long as you don't go out on the streets on this day, you will be fine.
The yin energy in the Yang world that day was tens of thousands of times stronger than the usual underworld, and miserable sounds could be felt everywhere.
Where the Yin Qi is weak, there are often strange phenomena. Therefore, wherever the Yin Qi is strongest during the Ghost Festival, there are often abnormal weather conditions, such as light rain, drought, hail, or earthquakes...
All in all, that was the day when ordinary people could encounter the most ghostly spirits for no apparent reason.
However, after Li Lvyan whispered these words, a gloomy wind filled the spine in the air, making people's minds feel as if they were in the coldest month of winter, when the weather was freezing and the ground was freezing for several days.
My breath is chilled to the bone.
"hehe--"
Wo Gua laughed twice and said, "Shit Beetle, as a translator, do you have appendicitis? Why are you so bluffing?"
He did not doubt the accuracy of Li Lvyan's translation, but such a curse would make anyone feel horrified after hearing it.
Black Glasses and Jing Qiongshuang took a step away from the sarcophagus without leaving a trace: Obviously, such a curse is a challenge to no matter who it is. If a person can remain calm and calm in such an environment, his face does not change, it is not even a curse.
A normal person.
Black Glasses was not frightened by the curse. He looked around carefully and said to Li Lvyan, "This sentence is a curse. From the content alone, he said that this place is an altar. It is indeed as good as ours."
Prediction, proves that our observations are correct; obstacles refer to intruders who may destroy everything here, and secondly, hell-"
He glanced at Li Luyi and said, "You just said that the things in the sarcophagus are the objects of worship. Is this also based on this sentence?"
Li Lvyan nodded and shook his head, "The reason why I guess that the things in the sarcophagus are the objects of worship is because where the pits gather, there are the same words as here, and that point is obviously going to flow somewhere.
, the only thing that can be seen here is this sarcophagus, and naturally it can only be for this sarcophagus." As for the immortal body, if this is not really the intention, the things in the sarcophagus must still be alive in some form after thousands of years.
If all virtual references are not virtual references, but tangible entities that can be based on -
Jing Qiongshuang's face turned pale, "Then the messenger from the underworld mentioned above is——"
All of your lifeblood will immediately be used as food for the messengers from the underworld below, and you will achieve eternal immortality through me!
"Generally, the first instinct of messengers from the underworld is that black and white are impermanent."
What Wo Gua said is good, but it is obvious that black and white cannot exist in the world, so the messenger it refers to, if it exists, is likely to be another kind of thing that kills people.
Everyone glanced around and saw that apart from rocks, there was nothing that could pose a threat to people's lives.
Could it be that these stones will become spirits and come to take your life at any time?
Didn’t it mean that species after the founding of the People’s Republic of China were not allowed to become sperm?
Then this stone should be considered one of the "species".
For a moment, everyone was worried, and no one could come up with the most authoritative facts. The scene fell into a stalemate, and a "gulu" was heard. Everyone looked at the source, but saw Wo Gua holding his belly in shame.
.
"I'm sorry, brother, I've been running around for a long time and I'm a little hungry."
Jing Qiongshuang pursed her lips, but her stomach also made a "gurgling" sound at this time. Everyone looked at each other and blinked their eyelashes: It has been more than ten hours without sleep since the last meal.
After going to the underground river and drinking some water, I really couldn't resist my hunger. Being hungry is human nature nowadays, and I don't know if I will have time to eat later.
"Have a rest for a while. Since this place is evil, we will go out after a while."
This proposal was quite satisfactory, neither arrogant nor impetuous, and was immediately approved by the three of them. Wo Gua sat down carelessly, took out the cans and biscuits and started to eat them. Jing Qiong Shuang slowly ate the biscuits while drinking water. What is the difference between women and men?
It's completely different.
Li Lvyan bit the compressed biscuit and looked around, hoping to find any more clues, but found nothing except what he saw.
This altar space is said to be underground, but Li Green Ant has an intuition: this world was not born like this, but went through some drastic changes and then accidentally sank into the ground, just like Atlantis.
In other words, if this altar was originally on the ground, there should be other factors to consider.
Just as he was about to join Wo Gua and Jing Qiong Shuang, he frowned and asked, "Has any of you seen the black glasses?"