When the Kipchak Khanate was first established, Batu had a younger brother named Shaiban. His fiefdom was called the Blue Horde Khanate. Abu Khail was his descendant. Abu Khail had a grandson named Shaibani. Abu Khail went on a campaign.
When he died in battle, Shaibani had no choice but to seek refuge with Mahamu, Said's uncle, in eastern Chagatai.
Mahamu helped Shaibani clean up the remaining troops and reorganize the army. Shaibani took advantage of the internal strife in Timur's empire to defeat Bushain's grandson Babur Khan and occupied the city of Samarkand. Later, Shaibani captured Khorasan.
, occupied Herat, and the entire Transoxiana and Khorasan areas fell into his hands. The Timurid Dynasty was ended, and a Shabani Khanate was established on the original territory.
The people brought by Shaibani were called Yue Jibie or Uzbeks at that time. The name Uzbek originated from the Uzbek Khan during the Golden Horde. Yuan history called him Yue Jibie. The Golden Horde was once very powerful.
, the nomads of different origins north of the Aral Sea are collectively called Uzbeks.
The khanate established by Shaibani's grandfather Abu Khair was called Uzbek, and Uzbek was also used to refer to the majority of Turkic-speaking residents in the khanate.
Shaibani, who was once taken in and formed an alliance with Said's uncle Mahmoud, became powerful and destroyed the Mahamu brothers, and then wiped out Timur's empire.
Said, the little prince who escaped, also knew that he was no match for him, so he gathered some of the remaining troops of the Timurid Kingdom, voluntarily abandoned Anyanji, and headed east with his troops.
Said could not defeat Shaibani, but he was more than enough to deal with the leaders from his hometown in the eastern part of Chagatai. At this time, the leaders in the southern part of the Tianshan Mountains were brutal and had long been full of internal conflicts and the situation was unstable. He took more than 4,000 people with him.
The men and horses were defeated one by one, taking Yingjisha first, and then Yarkand.
Said established his own khanate in Yarkand, which was called the Yarkand Khanate. However, his elder brother Mansur Khan had long since lost to Shaibani and retreated to the Tufan area.
It was the Zhengde period.
Although the Eastern Chagatai Khanate was destroyed by the Shaibani because of Mahamu, leaving only the eastern part, Said's declaration of Khan made the Eastern Chagatai again divided into two parts: the east and the west.
However, after the establishment of Yarkand, Said Khan had no intention of expanding to the east and attacking his brother after completing the unification of the lands in the southern part of the Tianshan Mountains. Instead, he sent people to actively contact him in the hope that the two sides could get along harmoniously.
Mansuer Khan was not as powerful as his younger brother, so he had to acquiesce in his rule over the cities in the southern part of the Tianshan Mountains. The two sides met in Arbat between Aksu and Kuqa. Said said that he would mint money in the name of Mansuer Khan to show his surrender.
, while Mansoer Khan did not investigate Said's past and acknowledged the status quo.
However, in fact, Eastern Chagatai was still in a state of division. The situation at that time was that Mansuer was not strong enough to defeat his younger brother. Said had been on the run for many years and had finally saved some money, but he was still under the influence of Shaibani.
It was a huge threat. At this time, I didn’t dare to fight with my brother anymore. I just wanted to keep silent and immerse myself in growing stronger.
After this alliance, the two brothers each led their troops and began to conquer the surrounding areas to expand their sphere of influence and strengthen their strength.
Both brothers were fighting in the name of war. Since there was no way to conquer the west, Mansuer Khan had no choice but to conquer the east and compete with the Ming Dynasty for control of the Hami area. At this time, the Ming Dynasty had no time to look west, so west of Jiayu Pass, Hami
and the lands of the Seven Guards of Kansai were all captured by Mansuer Khan.
Said, on the other hand, led his troops to occupy the grassland area in the northern part of the Tianshan Mountains. Later, taking advantage of the death of Shibani Khan and the turmoil in the Khanate, he led his army on a westward expedition and captured various cities. Later, in the name of war, he expanded to the southwest.
It annexed Kermer, Ladakh and other places, and even sent troops to attack Lhasa.
In the twelfth year of Jiajing's reign, this master of escape finally became the dominant force in the Tianshan Mountains in his later years. He punched the north and south of the Tianshan Mountains, kicked the east and west of the Congling Mountains, and even led the expeditionary force to fight against Lhasa. However, due to his old age, he suffered from altitude sickness.
It was so serious that he died before he could reach Lhasa City.
His son Abdul Rashid succeeded to the throne. After hearing the news, Mansuer Khan finally had the courage to send troops to the west, but he failed and returned.
Mansu Khan died in depression, his eldest son succeeded to the throne, and the eastern and western parts of the Khanate once again began to fall into long-term offensive turmoil.
In order to consolidate his personal rule, Abdul Rashid massacred veterans and generals when he first came to power. He also tried his best to weaken the power of the Emir of Duglat. Externally, he allied with the Shaybanis to deal with the Kazakhs, and several times
They were defeated. At the same time, they conquered Anyanji in the west and Tufan in the east. The war continued.
He can also be regarded as a Tianshan bully.
After his death, his son Abdul Halim succeeded to the throne of Khan. Although the Khanate was powerful, the Khan's ability was mediocre and he could not convince the public.
The rule of Shah Khan in Tufan in the east was also weakening day by day. Later, during the northern expedition to Oara, Shah Khan died in an arrow. Shah Khan's uncle Tansu Masu succeeded to the throne. Abdu and Harin of Yarkand were dissatisfied and sent his
The younger brothers sent troops to capture Tufan and captured Sutanma Suhan.
Harin appointed his younger brother Mahei Masutan as the governor of Tu*fan, which can be regarded as the official unification of Eastern Chagatai. In the same year, Mahei Masutan also sent an envoy to the Ming Dynasty to pay tribute in the name of the Tu*fan king, officially making the Ming Dynasty and Ye'er
Qiang establishes contact.
After Harin's death, his younger brother, the governor of Tufan, succeeded him. During his tenure, he also sent his brother Adurain to Tufan as governor, and divided his descendants to guard various places, thus establishing his own family rule.
However, after his death and his son Aheimasutan inherited the throne of Khan, the situation reversed sharply. Because Aheimasutan was not the eldest son, which deviated from the traditional Mongolian principle that the elder is the khan, the khanate began to be in turmoil.
During this period, Adura in the east expanded westward, seized control of Yanqi and other places, publicly declared himself Khan, and confronted his nephew.
After that, there was a great chaos among the royal families. The royal families who served as governors in various places attacked each other, and staged the Eight Kings Rebellion of the Yarkand Khanate.
Nine khans have changed in the past sixty years. The shortest reigning khan only lasted nine days. Another khan, after being driven out of the khan position, staged a return of the king three years later to regain the khan position and become the khan again.
for three years.
The civil strife in the Yarkand Khanate continued, but Adurayin in the east took advantage of this opportunity to develop with peace of mind. He strengthened friendly exchanges with the Ming Dynasty, making the west like fire and water, but the east was prosperous. During his forty years in office, the east was prosperous.
The strength is greatly increased.
In the eighth year of Chongzhen, Abdullahin died, and his eldest son Abdullah Khan succeeded to the throne. Using his father's forty years of accumulation, he led troops to the west to conquer Aksu, and then occupied Yarkand and other important towns, reunifying the Khanate.
, and then went north to defeat the Oara people's attack, sent troops to the west and won a great victory, getting rid of the situation that had been controlled by the Gilghis for a long time.
During his reign, he used Sufis to infiltrate and influence the Hexi Corridor of the Ming Dynasty, develop trade, and ensure stability in the east. Then he fought with all his strength against the Oirat Mongols, and even made several expeditions to the west against Anyanji and others.
After reigning for fifteen years, Yarkand showed signs of revival.
However, although the Khanate was unified on the surface, the Khanate was not only suffering from serious internal strife among the royal family, but also had long been trapped in serious sectarian struggles.
As early as the period of Abdullim Khan, Sufism began to enter Yarkand. After Abdullim Khan's son Mahima Khan succeeded to the throne, the Montenegrin sect Hezhuo received strong support from the Khan and developed rapidly in Yarkand.
, the Baishan Sect also entered Yarkand.
The conflicts between the two factions were sharp and even bloody fights broke out.
The White Mountain Sect and the Black Mountain Sect were originally of the same race, sect, and religion. However, due to their different affiliations and differences in viewpoints, they have been in a state of opposition for a long time. The two sects began to compete for religious rights and gradually turned into a political struggle. The establishment of the White Mountain Sect and the Black Mountain Sect
They are all descendants of Mahitumu Azamuhezhuo, the leader of the Nahesi Bandiya sect from Central Asia.
With the rise of Hezhuo forces, the two factions played an important role in the Yarkand Khanate. With the support and support of the secular rulers, they continued to grow and develop, and gradually became a powerful political force affecting the political situation of the Khanate.
The rise of Mahitumu Azamu and his Hezhuo family had a great impact on the political structure of the Yarkand Khanate. As the struggle between the two factions continued to intensify, the relationship between politics and religion in the Yarkand Khanate also changed.
More complex.
At first, the Yarkand Khanate needed to take advantage of the special role of Islam to maintain and consolidate its dominance. As its power grew, the Khanate was gradually dominated by the Iraqi forces.
For a long time before the establishment of the Yarkand Khanate, the control of Islamic religion in the Tianshan Mountains was concentrated in the hands of the Eshdin and Zhuo families. Their family had meritorious service in persuading Tuhelu Timur Khan to convert.
Manipulating various religious affairs in the Khanate, the power of the Eshdin family has developed rapidly.
The Yarkand Islamic religion system is a mentor system. The Khan used this system to establish mutual contact with the upper echelons of Iraq. Prestigious mentors were often leaders of the Islamic religion. They not only attracted many followers, but also had great influence among secular rulers.
Big influence.
In the final analysis, it is the rulers of the Yarkand Khanate and the upper echelons of Iraq who each get what they need.
The implementation of the Wahefu land system in Yarkant also laid a material foundation for the interest of Hezhuo forces. In the later stages of development, a large amount of land and wealth were concentrated in the hands of Yi and Hezhuo.
They have prestige, status, and wealth. It can be said that they have laid the foundation for overthrowing the rule that replaced King Yerqiang Khan, and have the ability to establish a country called unity.
The serious internal strife and turmoil in Yerkang was originally caused by these noble men controlling the government and manipulating secular power. The more turbulent the situation was, the more convenient it was for them to seize power and profit, thus creating a vicious circle.
Up to now, the large and small nobles in Yarkand can be said to be the feudal lords and secular feudal lords who are superior to the Khan. Their goal is obviously to imitate the lamas of Lhasa and build a family.
**** He Zhuo Zhengquan.
Now in the Yarkand Khanate, although the governor from the east has unified the Khanate, the power of the Hezhuo people has become extremely powerful, and they are the lords and lords of the gods and kings.
Although Abdullah Khan unified the khanate and overthrew and conquered the direct tribesmen in the west, the Kho Zhuo people were not affected at all.