Among the several regions located in the four corners of China, Sichuan's terrain is the most closed, which makes Sichuan more independent than other regions. When political changes occurred, Sichuan would always have a separatist regime. During the two Han Dynasties, Sichuan was the site of Gongsun Shu.
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Sichuan was first divided by Liu Yan, Liu Zhang and his son, and then by the Shu Han regime established by Liu Bei; at the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, Sichuan was divided by the Cheng Han regime established by Li Xiong; at the end of the Eastern Jin Dynasty
, Sichuan was again divided by Jiao Zong; in the Five Dynasties, Sichuan was first divided by the Former Shu regime established by Wang Jian, and then by the Later Shu regime established by Meng Zhixiang. Even today, it is occupied by the Leng family
There was no historical period of division and turmoil in Sichuan that did not produce independent separatist regimes. What is also striking is that among so many regimes established in Sichuan, none of them has ever accomplished the great task of unifying the world.
This is a complex issue, when there are many reasons
First of all, when it comes to a political "basin mentality" that is hardly related to the rugged Sichuan Basin, most of the people who occupied Shu in the past dynasties were politically content with separatist rule and did not want to make progress.
Regarding the relationship between politics and geographical factors, there is a famous view in ancient China - "Virtue is not what is in danger." Broadly speaking, virtue can represent a kind of political aggressiveness, and danger can represent the geographical conditions that it can rely on.
, "Morality is not in danger" means: Only active political progress can guarantee its political prosperity and strength. Sichuan is a country of abundance, with dangerous mountains and rivers and rich products. "Thousands of miles of fertile fields, rich soil, and fruits are born, and there is no grain but fullness; female workers
His business can cover the world; the famous bamboo canopy and the tools are abundant, which are incomparable; and the advantages of fish, salt, copper and iron can make it easy to float on the water." This was an advantage that those who occupied Shu could rely on, but the successive dynasties who occupied Shu
Shu people, almost without exception, failed to handle the relationship between the two. They were content with partial hegemony and separatism, and did not think about progress.
Gongsun Shu took control of Shu, confused by the prophecies, and the imperial system took its own course, but "cannot perform meritorious service for the sake of opportunity, and use the time of meeting to change, so he can sit on the side and decorate it, and keep himself at ease with the high level." The world was not settled, so he showed off the emperor's style, "going in and out of the law, driving,
He rode with flags and halberds, and then the chariot came out of the house." His fellow countryman Ma Yuan went to Yizhou as an envoy on the order of Longxi Poxiao to investigate the situation and decide whether to return to Han or Shu. Gongsun Shu also showed off his ceremonial horse.
At that time, Yuan said to his entourage: "The gender of the world has not yet been determined. Gongsun will not spit out food and go to meet the country's scholars. He will not care about the success or failure of the plan, but will dress up his appearance. How can this son look like a puppet for a long time to judge the world's scholars?" So he returned and reported Po Xiao said.
: "Zi Yang (Gongsun Shu's character) is a frog in the well, and it is better to focus on the East than to think of yourself as great." It is recommended that Po Xiao join Liu Xiu. The history records that Gongsun Shu "also appointed his two sons as kings and the officials gave many admonitions, thinking that the success or failure was unknown, and the soldiers were exposed.
However, Prince Yu showed no ambition and hurt the soldiers. He refused to listen, but Gongsun was given the job. All the ministers resented this."
Originally, when Gongsun Shu first rose up, "many scholars and common people from far away came back". The defeated heroes outside Sichuan also defected to Gongsun Shu. However, Gongsun Shu's behavior made him isolated from the heroes on the outside, and he was isolated on the inside.
He was alienated from the common people, so after Liu Xiu defeated the heroes in the east, he raised his troops to attack Shu, and Shu could not escape the fate of destruction.
Among the heroes at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Liu Bei originally called for helping the Han Dynasty, and his relationship with the Han Dynasty was his political capital. However, when he first decided on Yi, Liang and Erzhou, he planned to become the King of Hanzhong.
It can be seen clearly that after Liu Bei's death, Zhuge Liang took charge, still calling for the Northern Expedition to the Central Plains and reviving the Han Dynasty, trying to get rid of the situation of partial hegemony; after Zhuge Liang's death, Jiang Wei inherited Zhuge Liang's legacy and went to the Northern Expedition to the Central Plains, but because of Liu Chan's mediocrity
, Jiang Wei finally had no choice but to camp in Tazhong to avoid disaster.
Gongsun Shu and Liu Bei were relatively accomplished among those who occupied Shu in the past, and they still had such ambitions, let alone other people who occupied Shu. If those who were content with separatist rule and did not want to make progress, Qutang would be in danger. After all, Cen Peng, Liu Guangyi,
Tang He once entered its gate, and although the Jiange was dangerous, Zhong Hui, Deng Ai, Xing Luan, Yu Chijun, Guo Chongtao, Shi Jingtang, Wang Quanbin, and Fu Youde once broke through its dangerous points. As for Li Shi, Jiao Zong occupied Shu, and the east was no farther than Dianjiang River.
Therefore, when Huan Wen, Liu Jingxuan, and Zhu Lingshi attacked Shu, the road to Sichuan was unimpeded. Gu Zuyu summed up this: "Sichuan is not just a place to sit and defend, but also uses Sichuan to balance the world. The top one is enough to be the king, and the second is enough to dominate, relying on its dangers
But if you sit still and guard it, you will surely perish."
Secondly, in the history of Sichuan, there have always been conflicts between local forces and foreign forces. Most of Sichuan's separatist regimes were established by Hakka groups. As a foreign force, Hakka groups inevitably have conflicts with Sichuan's local forces.
This contradiction has consumed Sichuan’s internal strength to a great extent.
Historically, Sichuan itself failed to develop a strong political force. This has a certain relationship with the folk customs of ancient Sichuan. According to the geographical records of "Hanshu", "people in Sichuan eat rice and fish, worry about the bad years of death (nothing), and do not worry about the customs".
, but easily indulged in adultery, were weak and narrow-minded and failed to believe in morality, but instead used good writing to ridicule, and admired power." The geography of Sui Dynasty also records the folk customs of ancient Sichuan: "The people are smart, quick-witted, and have the most ugly appearance.
He has great admiration for literature, sometimes excelling in it, and mostly indulges in leisurely pleasures. He rarely serves as an official, or even turns gray in his old age. He never leaves his hometown and the people are very skilled in craftsmanship, and the silk and cotton carvings are wonderful. It is almost impossible for a poor family in the above country to save money.
The wealthy family is dedicated to making money for their family, so the women work hard, while the wealthy people are free, gathering and feasting, especially those who care about money.
Is it an old custom to consolidate mountains and rivers with many regulations, use property to conquer barbarians, and hunt for animals? So it is easy to hide it for traitors, and to dominate the prefectures and counties. Is this an old custom?" The records of geography in "Han Shu" and "Sui Shu" can at least represent the Eastern Han Dynasty and the
A summary description of Sichuan folk customs during the Tang Dynasty. From these descriptions, it seems that we can get a glimpse of the character of Shu people who are not interested in officialdom and are not enthusiastic about politics.
Of course, the unwillingness of the Shu people to be officials is related to the political suppression of the Central Plains dynasty. Guo Yuntu of the Song Dynasty once discussed this suppression policy against the Shu people: "From Yonghe in the Jin Dynasty to Wen Shiping in the Yuan Dynasty, the Li family was pinged. After Liang Chengsheng, Shu was all in."
During the Zhou Dynasty, which spanned four dynasties, Xianfu was invaded by Fu Jian, stolen by Jiao Zong, and Shengjiao was temporarily blocked and then immediately pacified. Most of his tributes were paid to Jiangdong, but none of the Shu scholars were outstanding.
, How could there be no one! During the two Han Dynasties, the Shu people's articles and integrity were enough to crown the sea and the pillars of the imperial capital. How could they be used in the two Han Dynasties but not in the Jin, Song, Qi and Liang Dynasties? The disadvantage was that they could not attract people." Except in some special circumstances in the Central Plains
Except for the dynasties that were able to reward Shu people (for example, after the Western Jin Dynasty destroyed Shu, they reused Shu people to a certain extent in order to attract Wu people), most of the Central Plains dynasties suppressed Shu people politically. In the situation of confrontation between the north and the south, the southeastern regime wanted to ensure the upstream trend.
, it also focuses on control and less on governance in Sichuan
Sichuan itself failed to form a strong political force. Among the people who occupied Shu in the past dynasties, except for Jiao Zong who was a native of Sichuan for a short period of time, the other people who occupied Shu were all outsiders. This is a very unique phenomenon in the political history of Bashu.
Shu people are not Shu people, which inevitably involves a problem of relationship with the local people in Sichuan
Historically, every time there was turmoil, a large number of refugees would emerge around Sichuan. They would flock to Sichuan, which was relatively stable at the time, looking for survival opportunities. The number of refugees was often very large, and most of them would travel in clans based on their heroes and commanders, and were accustomed to war.
, during the displacement, they formed armed forces to protect themselves. They were in a foreign land, and they were relatively united internally. These refugees often became a resource that could be used by those who occupied Shu. The influx of a large number of refugees inevitably interacted with the local people of Sichuan.
Conflicts arose, and how to deal with them became a prominent issue for those who occupied Shu in the past dynasties.
The earliest person to conquer Shu was Gongsun Shu, who established the family power. Gongsun Shu was originally from Maoling, Fufeng, Guanzhong. His main followers were Yancen, Tian Rong, Lu Kun, Jing Han, etc. Yancen was originally from Nanyang, and he initially launched an army in Hanzhong.
He also supported Guanxi, first attached to Qin Feng of Nanjun, and then returned to Gongsun Shu; Tian Rong was originally from Runan, and initially raised troops in Yiling, first attached to Qin Feng, and then returned to Gongsun Shu; Lu Jun was originally one of the many "heroes of Guanzhong"
"Guanzhong heroes" like him "often support tens of thousands of people, but they don't know where they belong, and they often go back to (Gongsun) Shu." Gongsun Shu's important counselor Jing Han was originally a Sichuan scholar Shuze from Pingling, Fufeng.
It is an important part of the military resources of the Chengjia regime. According to historical records, after Jing Han suggested Gongsun Shu to send troops, Gongsun Shu "wanted to know about sending troops from the Northern Army and Shandong guest soldiers..." It can be seen that "Shandong guest soldiers" were an important part of his military resources.
The subject-object relationship restricts Gongsun Shu's strategic decision-making to a great extent. Gongsun Shu originally wanted to follow the discussion between Jing and Han and make Yancen and Tian Rong separate into two groups and join forces with the Hanzhong generals. However, "the Shu people and their
Di Guang thought that it was not appropriate for Kong to be thousands of miles away and decide success or failure in one fell swoop, so he insisted on fighting. Shu Nai Zhi Yancen, Tian Rong also asked for troops to perform meritorious services, but in the end he doubted and refused to listen." Gongsun Shu Kong has the name of "Western Emperor", and
We were unable to leave Sichuan to fight for the world. Although we had counselors and good plans, we could not put them into practice. The constraints caused by the contradiction between subject and object must be one of the reasons.
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Sichuan was under the control of Liu Yan. Liu Zhang and his son lived in Sichuan. Liu Yan was originally from Jingling, Jiangxia. In the chaotic situation after the Yellow Turban Uprising, he was appointed as the governor of Yizhou with the title of Jiuqing. When Liu Yan entered Sichuan, it happened to be Nanyang and Sanfu refugees.
Tens of thousands of households flowed into Yizhou, and Liu Yan "collected them all as a mass, and named them 'Dongzhou soldiers.'" The Dongzhou soldiers became the basis of his rule in Yizhou. After Liu Yan entered Sichuan, he "wanted to impose punishments to show his self-esteem, so Tuo (entrusted by Tuo)
) killed more than ten powerful people in (Yizhou) state because of other things." Therefore, "the scholars and the people were all resentful." During the reign of Liu Yan, a rebellion launched by Ren Qi, the governor of Jianwei, and Jia Long, the captain of the school, occurred in Yizhou. During the reign of Liu Zhang, the situation
To make matters worse, "the Dongzhou people's aggression was a trouble for the people and could not be restrained." Therefore, "the old scholars were quite dissatisfied." Here there was also Zhao Wei, a general of the Zhonglang who "because of his unkindness, he was the arrogant surname in the state and returned to the Communist Party."
Attacking Zhang, Shu County, Guanghan, and Qianwei all responded." This rebellion spread widely, and the Dongzhou people were afraid of being killed, so they worked together to fight to the death for Liu Zhang, and then defeated the rebels. Zhuge Liang said during the confrontation in Longzhong, "Liu Zhang is weak.
"The inability to reconcile the host-object contradiction is one of its main manifestations.
The man who replaced Liu Zhang in Shu was Liu Bei. Liu Bei was originally from Zhuojun, Hebei. His important adviser Zhuge Liang was from Langya, Shandong. His military commanders Guan Yu, Zhang Fei were from Hedong, Zhao Yun was from Changshan, and Ma Chao was from Liangzhou. When Liu Bei entered Sichuan, at the beginning of the detente
In terms of the conflict between subject and object, some measures were taken to attract Yizhou scholars to participate in the Shu Han regime. However, the Yizhou scholars at this time included both local Yizhou scholars and foreign scholars who had followed Liu Yan, Liu Zhang and his sons to Sichuan earlier.
The negative impact of the host-object contradiction during the Shu-Han period was relatively small, but it also affected many of Zhuge Liang's policies.
At the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, Sichuan was again occupied by Li Te. The Badi people of Li Te's clan moved to Lueyang at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. During the Guanzhong uprising in the Ten Thousand Years of the Northern Qi Dynasty, tens of thousands of people from Lueyang, Tianshui and other six counties were displaced and moved to Hanzhong and Bashu.
The influx of large numbers of refugees affected the lives of the local people in Sichuan. The Jin court's policy to deal with the refugees was not appropriate. It issued an edict to recall the refugees from the six counties of Shu. The refugees were greatly frightened, and there were a lot of rumors about Li Te.
Te then took advantage of this situation and adopted certain strategies to organize the refugees. When Li Te first started to raise troops in Sichuan, he not only won the support of the refugees, but also made a three-part agreement with the Shu people, "giving alms and providing loans, promoting courtesy and virtue, and maintaining military and political order."
"The people of Shu were very happy." Li Te was also attached to various forts in Shu, and the refugees from the six counties dispersed to each fort to eat.
Later, Li Te's son Li Xiong and others led the refugees to continue fighting, and finally defeated Luo Shang. Soon after taking possession of Yizhou, Fan Changsheng, a famous scholar from Shu, attached himself to Li Xiong.
, Li Xiong appointed Fan Changsheng as prime minister. This incident had a great impact on the relationship between the Shu people and the refugees. After that, the Shu people attached themselves to Li Xiong, and Li Xiong proclaimed himself emperor in Yizhou. The country was named Dacheng. From the perspective of the establishment of the Dacheng regime,
The tendencies of the Shu people have a great influence on the rise and fall of their power.
The Jiao Zong Rebellion at the end of the Eastern Jin Dynasty was a manifestation of Sichuan's local power, but this rebellion itself was the product of the conflict between Sichuan's local forces and foreign forces. When the former Qin unified the north, it once occupied Yizhou. After the former Qin collapsed, the Eastern Jin recovered Yizhou
After the failure of Huanxuan's rebellion, the remaining forces of the Huan family continued to cause trouble in the upper reaches of Jingxiang. When Huanzhen raised troops in Jingzhou, Yizhou governor Mao Chu sent Shu troops eastward to attack Huanzhen. The Shu people were unwilling to join the expedition, so Yizhou joined the army. Hou Hui from Brazil joined the army.
Then they planned to cause rebellion, and forced Jiao Zong, a Brazilian, to lead an army to rebel against the Jin Dynasty, killed Mao Chu's family, and claimed the title of King of Chengdu according to Yizhou.
Regarding the conflict between the Shu people and the Eastern Jin Dynasty, it can be seen from Liu Yu's choice of generals to attack Shu. Liu Yu sent Zhu Lingshi to attack Shu, and Mao Xiu, Mao Xiuzhi's nephew, asked him to do it. Liu Yu considered Shu
There was a conflict between the people and the Mao family, and they were worried that Mao Xiuzhi would kill many people for revenge after entering Shu, so he refused to allow it. After Zhu Lingshi pacified Shu, the handling of post-repair affairs was also in line with Liu Yu's intentions, and he paid great attention to easing the Shu people.
The conflict with Jin, after Jiao Zong was pacified, only one ancestor of Jiao Zong was killed. This incident also shows the deep resentment between Shu people and foreign forces before that.
During the Five Dynasties, the former and later Shu and the Xia regime at the end of the Yuan Dynasty were also established by Hakka groups. The former Shu regime was established by Wang Jian. Wang Jian was originally from Wuyang in Xuzhou (Henan) and served as the governor of Lizhou (where the government is now in Guangyuan).
He annexed Xichuan Commander Chen Jingxuan and took control of Shu; the Later Shu regime was established by Meng Zhixiang, who was originally from Xingzhou (Hebei). After the Later Tang Dynasty destroyed the former Shu, Meng Zhixiang became the military governor of Sichuan. Later, Meng Zhixiang annexed Dongchuan Commander
Zhang took control of Shu
As for the third one, the regime established in Sichuan has never unified the world, and it is also related to Sichuan's own geographical situation. Although Sichuan's terrain limits the invasion of external forces, it also hinders its own expansion to the outside world.
Any force can rely on the four corners of the mountains and rivers as a base during its accumulation stage. However, if it wants to unify the world, it must enter the Central Plains after completing the accumulation stage. Only the Central Plains is the real arena for competition. There are only two major ones in Sichuan.
The direction can lead to the outside. Most of the people who occupied Shu in the past dynasties guarded Kuimen in the east, and occupied Hanzhong in the north. They left from Kuimen to the east and reached Jingxiang. There are Dabie Mountain and Tongbai Mountain between Jingxiang and the Central Plains. They left Hanzhong in the north and crossed the Qinling Mountains.
Longshan can reach Guanlong, and Guanlong is separated from the Central Plains by the dangerous distance of Weihan. In this way, there are double barriers between Sichuan and the Central Plains. Each barrier is very dangerous, making it difficult for the forces in central Sichuan to enter the Central Plains.
Among the heroes competing for the throne, this is another important reason why Sichuan is prone to separatist regimes and at the same time, no regime has unified the world.
Among the separatists in Sichuan in the past dynasties, Gongsun Shu was the initiator, and the planning of his advisers for the management of Shu basically became a model for those who later conquered Shu.
Wang Mang stood up for himself on behalf of the Han Dynasty. Green Forest and Red Eyebrows raised troops to rebel against Mang. Heroes from all over the country also raised troops. Gongsun Shu, a native of Fufeng Maoling, was named Daojiang Zuzheng (when Wang Mang often changed the name of the place and official name, Daojiang Zuzheng was the prefect of Shu County). He
He also raised troops in Shu County, occupied Yizhou, and proclaimed himself the king of Shu. Li Xiong, a subordinate in Chengdu, told Gongsun: "Today there is a famine in Shandong, and the people eat each other. The soldiers slaughtered the cities, towns, hills, and ruins. The land of Shu is thousands of miles away, and the soil is rich.
, produced by the fruit, there is no grain but fullness; the industry of female workers covers the world; the famous bamboo canopy and the tools are abundant, but it is incomparable; it also has the advantages of fish, salt, copper and iron, and it is convenient to float the water and transfer it to the canal. According to Hanzhong, Du
Bao, the danger is diagonal; guard Bajun in the east, and refuse to defend the entrance to the pass; the area is thousands of miles away, and there are no less than a million warriors. If you see an advantage, you will send troops to seize the territory; if there is no advantage, you will hold on and work hard. Go east to the Han River to get a glimpse of the Qin Dynasty.
The river flowed south to shake Jing, and to promote the so-called "using heaven and earth to achieve success" suggested that Gongsun Shu proclaimed himself emperor. Gongsun Shu then established himself as emperor, and appointed hundreds of civil and military officials. He sent General Hou Dan to open Baishui Pass and guard Hanzhong in the north; the general's term was completed.
